<p>The Pleasant Reed House was a sidehall shotgun house in Biloxi, Mississippi on the National Register of Historic Places. It was built by Pleasant Reed , a former slave on a Mississippi farm who moved with his family to coastal Biloxi after the American Civil War. Reed, as a freedman, worked as a laborer and carpenter and earned the money to build his own house for his rapidly growing family.</p><br>
<p>The house was saved by the Biloxi chapter of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority and added to the National Register in 1979. In 2003, the House was moved to the new Frank Gehry-designed campus of the Ohr-O&#39;Keefe Museum Of Art, where it was restored and opened to the public for tours.</p><br>
<p>On August 29, 2005, the House was destroyed by Hurricane Katrina. However, the original archival materials and photographs were saved by museum curators, and the museum&#39;s board of trustees voted to rebuild the Pleasant Reed House.</p><br>
<p>The Pleasant Reed Interpretive Center, a replica of the original house, opened to the public on September 29, 2008. The center features exhibits on local African American history.</p><br>
<p>The Sterick Building is a historic skyscraper in Memphis, Tennessee. It was designed by Wyatt C. Hedrick & Co., and was completed in 1929—its name is a portmanteau of the original owners names, Texas Governor Ross S. Sterling and Wyatt C. Hedrick&#39;. It is a gothic-style tower, 111 m  tall with 31 floors, two of which are below grade. It stands at the corner of Madison Avenue and North B.B. King Boulevard.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Once called “the Queen of the South” and “the most complex, the most fabulous building in Memphis,” the Sterick Building is clad in limestone and had a crown with stone spires topped with a green tile roof; its own bank, pharmacy, barber shop, and beauty parlor; and stockbrokers offices. It was also the regional headquarters for the FBI and Chrysler. The first three floors were made from granite and limestone. From the lobby, which was said to “rival the beauty of a Moorish castle,” its eight high-speed elevators ferried the buildings 2,000+ workers and guests to the upper floors, including the Regency Room restaurant on the top floor.</p><br>
<p>In the 1950&#39;s, Sterick suite 1916 was the office location of Stars, Inc. principal, Bob Neal, who managed famous musicians, Elvis Presley and Johnny Cash, among others. Neal established Elvis Presley Enterprises in February of 1955.</p><br>
<p>In 1956, New York real estate magnate, Lawrence Wien, purchased The Sterick and made significant cosmetic and systems upgrades, including adding air conditioning.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, some shots of the movie The Client were taken in and around the building.</p><br>
<h2>Decline</h2><br>
<p>As new, more modern office buildings were built in downtown Memphis in the 1960s, the building began to lose tenants and—despite a number of alterations— (including being repainted from its original color to yellow and tan in 1982), it has been left vacant since 1986. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<p>Legal entanglements regarding the ownership of the building itself complicated and prevented potential redevelopments over the years as The Sterick was a land lease property wherein the original builders leased the land the building stands on for 99 years without buying the land outright. The land and the building were owned separately. The land was owned by heirs of Napoleon Hill and the building&#39;s lease was held by Equitable Life Insurance Company. The original lease of land for the property, dating from 1926, required the $1,500 monthly payment to be paid in gold coin “of standard weight and fineness or its equivalent.” An unsuccessful 1975 lawsuit by the land owners sought to recalculate the rent at the then-current price of gold, or roughly $13,500 per month.</p><br>
<h2>Recent events</h2><br>
<p>Increasing residential growth in Downtown Memphis has made the Sterick Building, with its height and views over the Mississippi River, a candidate for residential conversion. Preservationists have also noted the possibility of tax credits and possible conservation easements for developers.</p><br>
<p>In March 2023, led by principal Stuart Harris, announced the purchase of the Sterick Building. This acquisition also resolved longstanding issues related to a ground lease that had previously separated the ownership of the building from the land it occupies.</p><br>
<p>Constellation plans to revitalize the historic skyscraper, aiming to restore its status as a central feature of the Downtown Memphis skyline.</p><br>
<p>The Roslyn Cemetery is a historic cemetery located on Northern Boulevard  in Greenvale, in Nassau County, New York, United States. It is owned by the Roslyn Presbyterian Church which is located within the Village of Roslyn.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Roslyn Cemetery is a product of the "Rural Cemetery Act" of which one of the many intents was to move burial grounds away from the local church and community as well as to design the grounds in a park like setting. This is clearly evident in the "Roslyn Cemetery" which is more like a botanical garden than a cemetery. Interments began in the 19th century and it continues to accept burials today. The cemetery has many notable figures as well as a section dedicated to fallen Civil War soldiers.</p><br>
<p>The "East Gate Toll House" which sits on the south east side of the "Roslyn Cemetery" and is clearly seen from Northern Blvd. (Route 25A) is the last remaining toll house that served the North Hempstead Turnpike. It was built around 1864 and is frequently but incorrectly referred to as being a toll house for the Vanderbilt Motor Parkway which ran considerably south of this location. Over the years the toll road had ceased operation and the main road was moved south of the toll house. The "Roslyn Cemetery" eventually surrounded the property. This structure sat unoccupied for many years and served little more than a shed for cemetery work tools. In the 1980s it was restored. It serves as a private residence and, like the surrounding cemetery, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and the New York State Register of Historic Places – as well as being a Town of North Hempstead Designated Landmark.</p><br>
<h2>Notable interments</h2><br>
<p>William Cullen Bryant, poet and journalist, lived in Roslyn</p><br>
<p>Frances Hodgson Burnett, author of The Secret Garden, A Little Princess and Little Lord Fauntleroy</p><br>
<p>Christopher Morley, poet and journalist, lived in Roslyn</p><br>
<p>Stephen Taber, a United States Congressman from New York from 1865–1869</p><br>
<p>William Tavoulareas, President of Mobil Corporation 1969–1984 lived in Sands Pt.</p><br>
<p>Beaverhead Rock, also known as Point of Rocks, is a rock formation overlooking the Beaverhead River in Montana protected as Beaverhead Rock State Park. It is located on Montana State Highway 41, 12 mi south of Twin Bridges, Madison County. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970. The site may be viewed and photographed from a distance, but is not directly accessible.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Beaverhead Rock is a rock feature identified in 1805 by Sacagawea, during the Lewis and Clark Expedition, as a landmark not distant from the summer retreat of her nation. According to the Journal of Lewis:</p><br>
<p>The Indian woman recognized the point of a high plain to our right which she informed us was not very distant from the summer retreat of her nation on a river beyond the mountains which runs to the west. This hill she says her nation calls the Beaver&#39;s Head, from a conceived resemblance of its figure to the head of that animal...as it is now all important with us to meet with those people as soon as possible I determined to proceed tomorrow with a small party...and pass the mountains to the Columbia; and down that river until I found the Indians...without horses we shall be obliged to leave a great part of our stores...</p><br>
<p>The Cathedral of Saint Helena is the cathedral of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Helena, Montana, United States. Modeled by architect A.O. Von Herbulis after the Votivkirche in Vienna, Austria, the construction began on the cathedral in 1908, and held its first mass in November 1914. Bishop John Patrick Carroll worked tirelessly to raise funds for building the cathedral and had an administrative role in management of the entire project. The cathedral sustained significant damage during the 1935 Helena earthquake, which required extensive renovations. The cathedral was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1980.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>The site for the cathedral was purchased with a $25,000 donation from Thomas Cruse in 1905. A.O. Von Herbulis of Washington, D.C., was commissioned as the architect. Von Herbulis was trained abroad and was chosen for his knowledge of the cathedrals of Europe. Rough sketches were prepared in two styles, Romanesque and Gothic. When the drawings were presented, the Building Committee chose the Gothic form; a motion to authorize that design passed unanimously. Von Herbulis modelled the cathedral after the Votivkirche in Vienna, Austria, which he had become familiar with while studying at university in Vienna.</p><br>
<p>The Columbia Construction Company of New York City began construction of the cathedral in 1908; the cornerstone was laid on October 4 that year. On November 8, 1914, the Catholic community of Helena gathered to celebrate Mass for the first time in the new church, and the first funeral held in the cathedral was that of Thomas Cruse, a benefactor, December 26, 1914. The cathedral remained under construction for ten more years; in June 1924, the cathedral was consecrated. Its total cost of construction amounted to $645,000.</p><br>
<p>The stained glass windows for the cathedral were made and installed by the F.X. Zettler Firm of Munich, Germany. By the time the cathedral was dedicated, 46 of the planned 59 windows had been installed. The Zettler Firm claimed that the 37-window set, which told the Christian story from the fall of Adam and Eve to the Church in the early years of the 20th century, surpassed any windows which it had made during its first 50 years. The remaining windows in the clerestory level were installed by 1926 by Charles J. Connick, a craftsman from Boston.</p><br>
<h3>Renovations</h3><br>
<p>In the fall of 1935, a series of earthquakes struck the state of Montana. The cathedral suffered damage: the south tower was almost completely destroyed. The tower was reconstructed and reinforced to prevent future calamity. The reconstruction was completed by 1938.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the cathedral remained unchanged from its dedication until the mid-1950s. Under the direction of Bishop Joseph M. Gilmore, the bronze altar canopy was installed. The grillwork behind the altar and the gilding of the interior were also added. The restoration was completed in April 1959 in time for the golden jubilee of the cathedral and the 75th anniversary of the Diocese of Helena.</p><br>
<p>The cathedral was renovated in 1982-1983 under the direction of Bishop Elden F. Curtiss. This renovation addressed the liturgical reform of the Second Vatican Council. Extensive repairs to the stained glass windows were also undertaken by the late Fr. Daniel Hillen.</p><br>
<p>In 1999-2000 repairs to the interior columns were completed. The columns had been damaged in the Montana Rail Link train crash of February 1989.</p><br>
<p>The most recent renovation of the cathedral, begun in 2002 under the direction of Bishop Robert C. Morlino, continues under Bishop George Leo Thomas. Both the upper and lower levels of the cathedral were renovated. The lower level was completely remodeled to include two new social halls and a complete kitchen. The lower level was named in honor of the first bishop of Helena, John B. Brondel. The upper-level renovation included the sanctuary, Saint Joseph&#39;s Chapel, new baptistry, and the installation of the elevator in the north transept for improved access between levels.</p><br>
<p>Physical plant enhancements include a new heating system, a renovated chime system, a renovated and enhanced pipe organ, the restoration of the stained glass and re-covering of their exterior surfaces, the installation of a new sound system, the construction of a new confessional, the removal of the old St. Helena Grade School, the construction and landscaping of a new main parking lot, and the exterior upgrade to the Faith Formation/Office building.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural features</h2><br>
<p>The cathedrals most prominent feature is its 230-foot (70 m) twin spires, which were directly inspired by the Votivkirche in Vienna. Adorning the spires are gold-leafed crosses that stand 12 feet (3.7 m) in height and 6 feet (1.8 m) in length. The cathedrals North tower contains fifteen hand-cast bells, which represent the fifteen mysteries of the Rosary.</p><br>
<p>The interior of the cathedral boasts 11,693 ft&sup2; of stained glass across 59 windows, which depict various scenes from the Old and New Testament. The church&#39;s limestone exterior also features 29 statues of saints and other figures.</p><br>
<p>Overton Lodge No. 5 is a Freemason lodge under the Grand Lodge of Tennessee. Overton Lodge is located on the Courthouse Square in Rogersville Historic District in downtown Rogersville, Tennessee in the United States.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Early history and name</h3><br>
<p>Founded December 14, 1805, Overton Lodge was, at the time of its formation, a part of the Grand Lodge of North Carolina and Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>The Lodge was named in honor of John Overton, 1766-1833, by John Williams. Overton was a prominent Tennessee jurist and Freemason, who practiced law with another young lawyer and Freemason, Andrew Jackson.</p><br>
<p>Overton was appointed by Tennessee governor John Sevier to succeed Jackson, in 1804, as the judge of the superior court in Nashville. He held this post until 1810, and in 1811 was elected a justice of the Supreme Court of Tennessee, which office he filled till his resignation in 1816. During this period he wrote "Overton&#39;s Reports," which include the time from 1791 to 1817, and are of great value as a repository of the land laws of Tennessee.</p><br>
<p>When the eight lodges in Tennessee came together to form the new Grand Lodge of Tennessee in Knoxville on December 27, 1813, Overton Lodge sent representatives to the convention that established the new grand lodge, and as such, it is one of Tennessee&#39;s founding lodges.</p><br>
<h3>Acquiring a home</h3><br>
<p>It is unclear where Overton Lodge met in the first years of its existence, but it is plain that they eventually acquired the former Branch Office of the Bank of Tennessee, located on the Courthouse Square in downtown Rogersville. This building, circa 1840, is an example of Federal, neoclassical architecture that dominates the Historic District of Rogersville.</p><br>
<h3>During the Civil War</h3><br>
<p>Overton Lodge was one of the few Lodges in the State to remain active during each year of the American Civil War, and it is by virtue of this distinction that Overton may claim to be the oldest, continuously-operated lodge in the State: all four of the older Lodges, including the currently extant Greeneville Lodge No. 3, had their charters revoked or have since gone defunct.</p><br>
<h3>Bicentennial year</h3><br>
<p>In 2005, Overton Lodge celebrated its two-hundredth year of Freemasonry in the heart of Rogersville. The Lodge recognized the achievements of its forebears, and offered special commemorative memorabilia as a part of the celebration.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The Lodge&#39;s building (the Overton Lodge Masonic Temple) is listed on the USA National Register of Historic Places as a contributing property in the Rogersville Historic District; as such, it is an historically-significant part of the reason that the district was itself included on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Fort Steilacoom was founded by the USA Army in 1849 near Lake Steilacoom. It was among the first military fortifications built by the USA north of the Columbia River in what was to become the State of Washington. The fort was constructed due to civilian agitation about the massacre in 1847 at the Whitman mission.</p><br>
<p>The indigenous Nisqually tribe attacked white settlers in the area on October 29, 1855, as a result of their dissatisfaction with the Treaty of Medicine Creek that had been imposed on them the previous year, particularly angered that their assigned reservation curtailed the traditional fishing economy. The fort was headquarters for the USA 9th Infantry Regiment during this "Indian War" of 1855–56. In the course of the conflict, Volunteer USA Army Colonel Abram Benton Moses was killed. At the conclusion of the war, Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens brought Chief Leschi of the Nisqually tribe to trial for the death of Moses during a skirmish at Connell&#39;s Prairie on October 31, 1855.</p><br>
<p>Since the death had occurred in combat, the United States Army refused to carry out the sentence of death on the grounds of Fort Steilacoom, maintaining that he was a prisoner of war. The territorial legislature therefore passed a law authorizing Leschi&#39;s execution at the hands of civilian authorities. On February 19, 1858, Leschi was hanged in what is today the city of Lakewood. He was exonerated in 2004.</p><br>
<p>Fort Steilacoom was decommissioned as a military post in 1868. In 1871 Washington Territory repurposed the fort as an insane asylum, with the barracks serving as patient and staff housing. Fort Steilacoom is now Western State Hospital.</p><br>
<p>Four cottages from the fort remain on the site, and serve as a living history museum. The post cemetery also remains, containing civilian burials from the fort era. All known military burials were relocated to the San Francisco National Cemetery in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Fort Okanogan  was founded in 1811 on the confluence of the Okanogan and Columbia Rivers as a fur trade outpost. Originally built for John Jacob Astor’s Pacific Fur Company, it was the first American-owned settlement within Washington state, located in what is now Okanogan County. The North West Company, the PFCs primary competitor, purchased its assets and posts in 1813. In 1821 the North West Company was merged into Hudsons Bay Company, which took over operation of Fort Okanogan as part of its Columbia District. The fort was an important stop on the York Factory Express trade route to London via Hudson Bay.</p><br>
<p>In 1846, the Oregon Treaty was ratified, ending the Oregon boundary dispute and the joint-occupation of the Pacific Northwest, though the HBC was allowed to continue use of the fort. However, because of the decline of the transport business in the area, the HBC abandoned the fort in June 1860. The fur post&#39;s primary use became transportation between other HBC posts, as according to Lloyd Keith and William Brown after 1821 there was no "considerable amount of fur obtained there."</p><br>
<p>The site of the fort was flooded in 1967 by the reservoir Lake Pateros, formed by construction of Wells Dam.</p><br>
<h2>Pacific Fur Company</h2><br>
<p>Fort Okanogan was planned by the PFC to compete against the interior stations of the North West Company such as Spokane House. PFC employees progressed up the Columbia River in 1811 accompanied by a NWC party led by David Thompson as far as the rapids at Celilo Falls.</p><br>
<p>As PFC continued up the Columbia, trade goods of the NWC were found among inhabitants near Fort Okanogan&#39;s eventual location. A council with neighboring Okanagan leaders was commenced on 31 October by the PFC officers. The Okanagan dignitaries agreed to maintain friendly relations with PFC employees, partake in the beaver trappings, provide security for the station and ensure its workers were always fed. After the Fort had been erected, the working parties split into two. One group headed back to Astoria, the other north to travel the length of the Okanagan river. Ross was left at the fort with a dog he had purchased in Monterey, Alta California his main company. Nights were a constant source of worry for the lonely Ross, despite having several hundred "friendly inclined" natives encamped nearby performing sentry duties.</p><br>
<h2>North West Company</h2><br>
<p>With the absorption of the Pacific Fur Companys fur posts into the NWC, Alexander Ross continued to serve as Fort Okanogans manager. Ross Cox was appointed as the officer in charge of Fort Okanogan in 1816, and reached the station on 30 April. Stockpiles of driftwood and timber were used during the summer to reconstruct the Fort. Enclosing the trade post now was a fifteen feet tall palisade and two bastions, each with a brass four pound cannon. Besides the new housing for the fort staff "a spacious store for the furs and merchandise, to which was attached a shop for trading with the natives" were completed as well. Besides rations of salmon and deer bought from visiting Indigenous, Sarsaparilla and rattlesnakes were consumed by the stations workers. Employees of the fort began to wear Kamleikas manufactured by Aleuts, typically made of sea-lion intestines. Attempts at farming werent successful, with mice and frost destroying much of the crops.</p><br>
<p>Several company horses at Fort Okanogan were seized during the winter by a band of Sanpoils. Cox and a small party of French-Canadians and Hawaiians along with several Okanagans led by a local headman, Red Fox, set off to locate the equines. Despite recent snow, Red Fox was able to guide the group to the Sanpoil village holding the horses. Leaders of the village admitted to taking the company mounts, stating it was only done to avoid their own starvation. The Sanpoils had their own number of horses that was dwindling because of attacks by wolves, an issue Fort Okanogan faced as well. Cox took back the company horses without bloodshed, in part from consideration of potential Sanpoil attacks on the seasonal fur brigades departing from Spokane house.</p><br>
<h2>Hudson&#39;s Bay Company</h2><br>
<p>In 1821 the North West Company and its extensive stations were adjoined to the Hudson&#39;s Bay Company. As HBC officials traveled overland to Fort George, they passed through Fort Okanogan. The former four NWC employees there were retained, one being Hawaiian, three French-Canadian. The number of staff was increased greatly, so that by 1826 over 40 Native and White laborers resided at the post. The food supply was still based on local Indigenous food production, such as salmon, over 19,000 consumed annually, along with venison rather than imported agricultural practices. Additionally several quarts of Wapato and over a thousand quarts of various berries were consumed in 1826.</p><br>
<p>HBC Governor Sir George Simpson commented about Fort Okanagan during his 1841 visit to the Columbia District:...is an outpost from the establishment of Thompson&#39;s River, maintained more for the purpose of facilitating the transport business of that post and New Caledonia than for trade as there are few or no Fur bearing animals in the surrounding country.</p><br>
<p>In the last two decades of its use the station had only one employee residing there, generally with their family. Starting in 1848 the Okanogan Trail was no longer used by fur trapping brigades, now getting their supplies from Fort Hope instead of Fort Okanogan. The company began considering abandoning the post in 1853, no longer finding it financially viable to maintain. Negotiations for the sale of its property within the United States were still ongoing with the American Government, with the HBC unwilling to lose its basis for land claims of Fort Okanogan. The son of departing manager Joachin La Fluer, François Duchouquette, was instructed in 1853 to work there. He continued to maintain residency at the location until given orders in 1860 to remove the remaining supplies and property of the HBC. Duchoquette left with a pack train on 18 or 19 June, leaving the post "for all practical purposes abandoned..." and later established a trading outpost outside Keremeos in British Columbia. Robert Stevenson, a witness to the withdrawal recalled that:At the time of our visit all the Indians in that part of the country were congregated at the fort assisting the factor in packing up the goods preparatory to moving the post to Keremeos in British Columbia. The goods were packed in Hudson Bay parflushes made of raw hide, and loads were arranged for 150 horses. The post was to be abandoned the following day, and no goods were on sale that day.</p><br>
<p>American and Chinese gold miners in the area took wood from aging fur station, leaving it barren. No buildings of Fort Okanogan remained by 1880.</p><br>
<h2>Management</h2><br>
<p>By the time the HBC assumed control of Fort Okanogan, it had already lost its significance in the fur trade; consequently "no officer of the company was regularly stationed there..."</p><br>
<h2>Fort Okanogan State Park</h2><br>
<p>Until 2011, Fort Okanogan State Park 48&deg;05&prime;53&Prime;N latitude, 119&deg;40&prime;42&Prime;W longitude overlooked the fort site and the Columbia River. Comprising 45 acre, the park was for day use and featured the Fort Okanogan Interpretive Center (FOIC), a museum with exhibits about the fort, area pioneers and the fur trapping industry. Because of budget constraints, the park was transferred out of state ownership in 2011 to the Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation. The FOIC is part of the Colville Tribes&#39; History/Archaeology Program. The center is open late May through mid September.</p><br>
<p>The park is located five miles (8 km) north of Brewster, Washington. It is closed during the winter.</p><br>
<p>The New Windsor Cantonment State Historic Site, also known as New Windsor Cantonment, is located along NY 300, north one mile of Vails Gate, in the Town of New Windsor, Orange County, New York. The site features a reconstruction of the Continental Army&#39;s final military encampment.</p><br>
<h2>1780s</h2><br>
<p>Between June 1782 and October 1783 7,000 troops were boarded here in 600 log huts, over 1,600 acres. Although the Siege of Yorktown had ended most hostilities the year before, the British still occupied New York City and other ports, and George Washington believed that there was still strong sentiment in Britain for restarting the war and taking the colonies back. Thus it was necessary to keep the army here, within striking distance of New York and next to the vital Hudson River, until all the British forces were withdrawn. On April 19, 1783, Washington issued a cease fire order, officially ending the war for the Army. Note: This includes</p><br>
<h2>Newburgh Conspiracy</h2><br>
<p>They were still uncertain times, however, as the Newburgh Conspiracy, where Washington persuaded his officers not to march on the Continental Congress and demand back pay at gunpoint, would demonstrate. The Temple, where he made his famous speech revealing his vision problems for the first time, is among the reconstructed buildings.</p><br>
<h2>Awards presented</h2><br>
<p>The Purple Heart was first awarded here, and the National Purple Heart Hall of Honor was opened November 10, 2006 in recognition of that history.</p><br>
<h2>Post-war</h2><br>
<p>After the war, the vacated huts were sold. Some of the stone walls on the site may be made from stones that came from the fireplaces of the original buildings. In 1963 the town acquired 167 acres of the original site, which it runs on the opposite side of Route 300 as the Last Encampment, and along with the National Temple Hill Association has kept it up as a monument. The Temple itself and its vicinity are owned by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation but operated by the Palisades Interstate Park Commission.</p><br>
<h2>Site info</h2><br>
<p>The site is open Wednesdays through Sunday from mid-April through October. Admission is free. Activities and events with reenactors in period costume are scheduled frequently.</p><br>
<p>Old Wethersfield, also known as Old Wethersfield Historic District, and historically known as Watertown or Pyquag, is a section of the town of Wethersfield, Connecticut, roughly bounded by the borders of the adjacent city of Hartford and town of Rocky Hill, railroad tracks, and I-91. it was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1970.</p><br>
<p>The land for this colonial settlement was acquired from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Wethersfield served as a transportation hub on the Connecticut River in the early years.</p><br>
<p>The Old Wethersfield Historic District was established under town statutes in 1962, "to preserve and protect the many architectural phases of a Connecticut River Community in continual growth from 1634 to the present." Eight years later, in 1970, the Old Wethersfield Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The village includes 50 houses that were built before the American Revolutionary War, plus about 250 additional houses built before the 20th century, about 100 of which were built earlier than the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The historic district listed on the National Register includes 1200 structures over 1,300 acre. Of these 100 date from colonial times. Many of the early frame and brick houses were built by sea captains around the town green.</p><br>
<p>There are three National Historic Landmarks in Old Wethersfield:</p><br>
<p>Buttolph–Williams House — 249 Broad St.</p><br>
<p>Joseph Webb House — 211 Main St.</p><br>
<p>Silas Deane House — 203 Main St.</p><br>
<p>Another prominent historic building in the district is:</p><br>
<p>First Church of Christ, Wethersfield</p><br>
<p>The district includes Wethersfield&#39;s green, which is "a slender diamond nearly a half-mile long".</p><br>
<p>The Gillioz Theatre is a historic theater located at Springfield, Missouri, United States. It was built by M. E. Gillioz of Monett, Missouri. Mr. Gillioz was in the business of building bridges, and the theater was built with steel and concrete. Wood was only used for handrails, doors, and doorframes. The original cost of the building was $300,000. Renovation costs totaled approximately $1.9 million.</p><br>
<p>The theater opened on October 11, 1926. Gillioz managed to secure a 100-year lease on one 16 ft wide piece of property which bordered on USA Route 66, so that the theater could garner patrons who traveled on that historic highway. After many prosperous years, and many not-so-prosperous years, the "Gillioz, Theatre Beautiful" finally offered its last show in the summer of 1980, an opera.</p><br>
<p>The theater was originally a transition theater, with a Wurlitzer theatre pipe organ for silent movies and a stage for live performances, such as vaudeville acts. The pipe organ was Wurlitzer&#39;s opus 1411 Style D. The organ had 2 manuals and 6 ranks of pipes, 4 tuned percussions, 6 traps, and 9 sound effects. The organ was sold in 1980 when the theatre closed and is currently in private hands. A sound system was installed in 1928 with the advent of talkies.</p><br>
<p>The theatre is mainly a concert venue. It hosts a variety of entertainment such as Dave Chappelle, Elvis Costello, George Clinton, Ben Folds, Parliament Funkadelic, Blue October, Kacey Musgraves, Billy Ray Cyrus and many more. Capacity for general admission is 1,300 and for reserved seating there is 1,015.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991. It is located in the Springfield Public Square Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Premieres</h2><br>
<p>The Gillioz hosted the premieres of three movies:</p><br>
<p>1938 January 14: “Swing Your Lady” with Humphrey Bogart and Penny Singleton</p><br>
<p>1952 June 6: “The Winning Team" with Ronald Reagan</p><br>
<p>1952 July 4: “She’s Working Her Way Through College,” also starring Ronald Reagan</p><br>
<h2>Stories</h2><br>
<p>Elvis Presley passed an afternoon watching a movie at the Gillioz after performing sound checks for an evening show at the nearby Shrine Mosque.</p><br>
<p>Questions of the old theatre being haunted are frequent. Factually, the theatre did have a death on New Year&#39;s Eve 1962 when the projectionist died at his post prior to starting a midnight screening. It is a favorite spot for paranormal investigation.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation</h2><br>
<p>The Gillioz is now operated by the Gillioz Center For Arts & Entertainment, a 501c-3 non-profit committed to preserving the space and enhancing the quality of life for people in the Ozarks, visitors and residents alike, through music, comedy, film and education. Restoration began in 1990, and was completed in 2006. The lobby and auditorium were restored to the original 1926 appearance. It is now listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Eighty years after first opening its doors, the Gillioz had a grand reopening in October 2006 known as. The historic Gillioz has experienced a strong resurgence, including being named top event venue by both 417 magazine and the Springfield Newsleader. In 2017 the Gillioz was named a top 5 event venue under 4000 seats by the Academy of Country Music. Other venues listed were the Ryman Auditorium in Nashville Tennessee, Austin City Limits in Austin Texas, the PlayStation Theatre in New York and Hoyt Sherman Theatre in Des Moines Iowa.</p><br>
<h2>Reagan Center</h2><br>
<p>The Gillioz Theatre and the Jim D. Morris Building together are known as the Ronald and Nancy Reagan Center. The Gillioz Theatre was chosen due to Ronald Reagan&#39;s theatrical contributions.</p><br>
<p>The Edna S. Purcell house  was designed by the firm of Purcell, Feick and Elmslie for architect William Purcell and his family in 1913. It is located in Minneapolis, Minnesota.</p><br>
<p>The dwelling is a notable example of Prairie School architecture, featuring a long, narrow floor plan that disregards Victorian concepts about room divisions. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. It is now part of the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art and has been extensively restored. The museum conducts tours on the second weekend of every month.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The “Edna Purcell dwelling,” as it was referred to in its original project files, was built in 1913. William Purcell and partner George Elmslie collaborated on the house, designed for a narrow, 50- by 150-foot city lot near Lake of the Isles in Minneapolis, Minnesota; construction costs totaled $14,500. While George Feick Jr., appears as a partner on the project, he was not involved in the house&#39;s design and left the partnership that year.</p><br>
<p>William Purcell and his wife, Edna, conceived plans for a permanent home in 1911, while they were residing in an apartment building on Humboldt Avenue in Minneapolis. Having adopted their son James that year, they needed a new space for their daily needs that also accommodated their increased social activity and showcased the architectural firm&#39;s expertise.</p><br>
<p>The house was built at 2328 Lake Place, near the residence that Purcell and Feick had built for William Purcells mother, Catherine Gray, on Lake of the Isles Parkway in 1907. With financial assistance from William Purcells father, Charles A. Purcell, the firm was able to realize the project. The Purcell family moved into the house at Christmas, 1913. In 1916, a decline in commissions induced Purcell to take a position as advertising manager at Alexander Brothers Leather and Belting Company in Philadelphia. By 1918, his family had all moved to Philadelphia, and the house on Lake Place was put up for sale.</p><br>
<p>In 1919, Anson Bailey Cutts Sr. (1866–1949), a chief rate clerk with the Great Northern Railway, purchased the Edna S. Purcell house. Cutts and his wife, Edna Browning Stokes (1875–1976), lived in the house with their son, Anson B. Cutts Jr. (1905–1985). Though he left the house to attend Yale and pursue his career, Anson Jr. returned to the house in 1962 to aid his widowed mother when her health was failing. He continued to live there after her death in 1976. In 1985, Cutts bequeathed the house to the Minneapolis Society of Fine Arts, parent organization of the Minneapolis Institute of Art. It now is part of the museum&#39;s collection.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture, design, and ornament</h2><br>
<h3>Plan and exterior features</h3><br>
<p>The Edna S. Purcell house, or the “Little Joker,” as Elmslie nicknamed it, is known for its innovative arrangement of space. Occupying a deep, narrow lot, the plan of the house was organized on a single axis, open from one end to the other, evoking spaciousness within the relatively small interior.</p><br>
<p>Purcell and Elmslie set the house thirty feet behind the front property line, conserving a sense of privacy for its inhabitants and allowing them to look over their neighbors’ gardens to their north and south, rather than through their windows. Likewise, the Purcells and the neighbors could enjoy the home&#39;s front garden, created in collaboration with landscape architect Harry Franklin Baker, including a reflecting pool with water plants and small fountain, and native plants and trees. The back porch overlooked the Lake of the Isles, where the Purcells could enjoy a secluded natural haven in the center of Minneapolis, in concordance with Prairie School ideals.</p><br>
<p>The structure of the house is steel-reinforced, with a buff-colored stucco exterior, built on a concrete foundation. Its overall design and decoration emphasizes a clean, modern aesthetic while serving practical functions and staying in harmony with natural surroundings. Overhanging eaves, with a 7-foot projection of the roof at the front (east) side of the house, emphasize the buildings horizontality while also regulating heat and light at its entrance. A front wall of art glass windows connects the dwellings interior to the garden, with bands of windows on the upper story adding to the sense of horizontality. Wooden piers and trim were all given “jin-di-sugi” treatment, a wood-aging technique based on traditional Japanese techniques using the application of chemicals or burning to artificially age wood.</p><br>
<p>The exterior features ornamentation created by George Elmslie, including bands of red and blue stenciled square motifs and sawn wood elements. These include playful symbols of Purcells family life: for example, a sawn wood beam-end decoration above the side gate that includes the motto, “Gray Days and Gold,” in reference to Purcells grandparents, the Grays, to the colors of the firms progressive architecture, and to the funds supporting Purcells architectural practice and house. Two art glass windows flanking the entryway door contain a written message for neighbors and callers: “Peek-a-Boo.”</p><br>
<h3>Interior</h3><br>
<p>Though open-plan, the first-level interior of the Purcell–Cutts House features individual room areas by virtue of alterations in floor level and breadth of floor space, while the tented ceiling maintains the same height throughout. The ground floor living room area at the front of the house features a high ceiling, increasing available space for the repeated pairs of art glass windows that comprise the walls of the front of the living room, while the dining area behind, set a half-story above, has a low ceiling. The pointed prow separating the dining and living areas creates a small nook, reserved as Edna Purcells writing area. The effect of the main levels design is to maintain intimacy within the larger space, not rendering adjacent spaces automatically visible in main areas of the house, while preserving unity between rooms and the openness of the entire floor.</p><br>
<p>The second floor is accessed by a stairway on the north side, and includes a small hallway opening to a guest bedroom with sink, a bathroom, and the family bedroom space. The latter is a singular suite which could be divided by a built-in folding screen wall, separating it into childrens and master bedrooms. The maids room is accessed off the stair landing, which is surrounded by wraparound wall of art glass windows.</p><br>
<h3>Decoration, furniture, innovative features</h3><br>
<p>Throughout the house&#39;s interior, painted Elmslie-designed stencils repeat along the upper border of walls, with designs differing from room to room. Curtains were originally painted to match the rooms’ respective stencils, or were embroidered with other designs. Windows throughout the house also feature graceful geometric patterns of clear glass, highlighted with subtle colors, which vary slightly from window to window. In the first floor living room space, these patterns echo in art glass doors of the bookcase, built into the prow. Above the mantel-less fireplace, a mural by illustrator Charles Livingston Bull depicts Louisiana herons flying before a lake scene. A wood decoration of semicircular design, decorated with art glass and sawed wood decoration, partially frames the painted scene.</p><br>
<p>Purcell and Elmslie designed select pieces of furniture for the house, including a small, triangular-backed chair, dubbed a “surprise point” chair by William Purcell, for use in Ednas writing nook. Several noteworthy built-in furnishings include a combined bench and radiator cover beneath the front living room windows; a desk in the writing nook; and a combined bed, writing desk, bookcase, and storage area in the childrens room, which Purcell designed after the Pullman-style bed of a train&#39;s sleeping car. Purcell brought furniture from his previous home for use in the dining space, and folding chairs were stored in the dining area for impromptu visitors.</p><br>
<p>Several technological innovations were incorporated into the house&#39;s design, including a state-of-the-art heating and cooling system, as well as a central vacuum system. The Purcell home had a telephone nook, an electric call system for the maid, and a spring-loaded pocket door to the kitchen, activated through buttons in the floor.</p><br>
<h2>Alteration and restoration</h2><br>
<p>William Purcell resumed correspondence with the Cutts family around 1953, when he and George Elmslie were honored with an exhibition at the Walker Art Center. The Cutts family had avoided changing the house substantially, except for adding a garage in the 1920s and later filling the reflecting pool in the front garden. The kitchen and bathroom remained nearly untouched, and are rare original service areas in a home of this age.</p><br>
<p>In 1961 letter, Purcell expressed his gratitude to Edna Cutts for opening her home to students and voiced the desire to have a share in any attempts to restore the house or make it public. Purcell also sketched out a scheme for expanding the space around the house and setting up a trust fund for the building. He imagined reproducing the Purcell and Elmslie dining suite designed for Mrs. William H. Hanna of Chicago. The suite is now in the collection of the Minneapolis Institute of Art, renting the space to young couples at low rates, and allowing regular public entry.</p><br>
<p>Though Purcells plans did not come to fruition in his lifetime, Anson Cutts Jr.’s bequest of the house, along with funds for its restoration, led to a 3-year-long undertaking (lasting from 1987 to 1990) by the Minneapolis Institute of Arts with the firm of MacDonald & Mack Architects. It was opened to the public as the Purcell–Cutts House in September 1990. Their restorative work centered on preventing further deterioration of the roof of the house, stabilizing the main roof and straightening the cantilever of the projecting first-story eaves. Restorers also worked to return surfaces to their original color, re-tinting exterior stucco, and preserving, restoring, or repainting interior stencil friezes as necessary. Wood trims were refinished and waxed, and the mural by Charles Livingston Bull was cleaned. The art glass windows were repaired and cleaned. The landscaping, including the reflecting pool and fountain, were recreated to match historic photographs. Based on historic evidence, the MIA reproduced furniture for the house including a reproduction of the Hanna suite for the dining room. As a part of the houses bequest, mementos of the Cutts family also remain. Public tours are held the second weekend of each month.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The Edna S. Purcell House was known to architects of its time, published and pictured extensively in the Western Architect. It was also published with several photographs in the March 1917 issue of The Minnesotan. Purcell himself, and later architectural scholars like David Gebhard and H. Allen Brooks, would declare the house to be one of the most complete works of architecture by the firm of Purcell and Elmslie, if not the most complete.</p><br>
<p>The many modern features of the home, including its open plan, flexible room spaces, built-in furniture, and technologically advanced amenities pointed toward the future of home design. Contrasting it with the expensive houses built concurrently by Frank Lloyd Wright, the Purcell home&#39;s modern considerations accommodated for fewer servants and limited daily issues of maintenance, while giving flexibility for use and daily living, providing for the lifestyle of a young early 20th-century family.</p><br>
<p>The Alice Freeman Palmer Memorial Institute, better known as Palmer Memorial Institute, was a school for upper-class African Americans. It was founded in 1902 by Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown at Sedalia, North Carolina near Greensboro. The institute was named after Alice Freeman Palmer, former president of Wellesley College and benefactor of Dr. Brown.</p><br>
<p>It became, before its closure in the 1970s, a fully accredited, nationally recognized preparatory school. More than 1,000 African American students attended the school between 1902 and 1970.</p><br>
<p>Bennett College purchased the Palmer campus, but in 1980 it sold 40 acre of the main campus with major surviving buildings to the American Muslim Mission. The Muslims, who belong to the community which followed, Imam Warith Deen Mohammed; tried to establish a teacher&#39;s college but abandoned this project due to the bad condition of the campus.</p><br>
<p>In late 1982, Maria Cole, a niece of Dr. Browns and widow of late singer Nat King Cole, and friend Marie Gibbs of Greensboro began an effort to obtain recognition of Dr. Browns social and educational contributions, specifically in regard to Palmer Memorial Institute. Both women, who were former students at Palmer Memorial Institute, sponsored meetings of Palmer alumni and enlisted support for this cause. They also met with North Carolina&#39;s Division of Archives and History to explore ideas.</p><br>
<p>Through the assistance of North Carolina Senator Bill Martin, a special bill was passed in the 1983 General Assembly that allowed for planning by Archives and History of the state&#39;s first African American state historic site as a memorial to Dr. Brown.</p><br>
<p>In November 1987, the memorial officially opened as a state historic site.</p><br>
<p>In 1994, the Historic Sites Section completed exhaustive, comprehensive research on Brown and the Palmer Institute, and restored or stabilized several other structures.</p><br>
<p>The Palmer Memorial Institute Historic District was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum</h2><br>
<p>The restored campus buildings of the Palmer Memorial Institute are now the Charlotte Hawkins Brown Museum, which belongs to the North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural Resources and links Dr. Brown and Palmer Memorial Institute to the larger themes of African American women, education, and social history, with an emphasis on the contributions made by African American citizens to education in North Carolina.</p><br>
<p>The museums visitor center is located in the Carrie M. Stone Teachers Cottage (1948), and features exhibits about Dr. Charlotte Hawkins Brown, the Institute and African American education in North Carolina. Visitors can tour Dr. Browns residence, known as Canary Cottage, which has been furnished to reflect the 1940s and 1950s, when the school was at its peak. Several dormitories, the dining hall, bell tower, teahouse and several teachers cottage can also be seen.</p><br>
<p>The Patsy Clark Mansion is a Spokane, Washington, United States, residence that was designed by architect Kirtland Cutter in 1897 for mining millionaire Patsy Clark. It is located at 2208 West Second Avenue in the citys historic Brownes Addition. The mansion had long been used as a restaurant. In 2002, a law firm purchased the mansion for $1.03 million in order to rescue the landmark from further deterioration. The mansion now houses a law firm, while still remaining open for private rentals for small events.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places as Clark Mansion in 1975. It is included also as a contributing property in Browne&#39;s Addition Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Old Ship Church  is a Puritan church built in 1681 in Hingham, Massachusetts. It is the only surviving 17th-century Puritan meetinghouse in the United States. Its congregation, gathered in 1635 and officially known as First Parish in Hingham, occupies the oldest church building in continuous ecclesiastical use in the country. On October 9, 1960, it was designated a National Historic Landmark, and on November 15, 1966, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Old Ship Church is, according to The New York Times, "the oldest continuously worshiped-in church in North America and the only surviving example in this country of the English Gothic style of the 17th century. The more familiar delicately spired white Colonial churches of New England would not be built for more than half a century." Within the church, "the ceiling, made of great oak beams, looks like the inverted frame of a ship", notes The Washington Post. "Built in 1681, it is the oldest church in continuous use as a house of worship in North America."</p><br>
<p>The most distinctive feature of the structure is its hammerbeam roof, a Gothic open timber construction, the most well-known example being that of Westminster Hall. Some of those working on the soaring structure were no doubt ship carpenters; others were East Anglians familiar with the method of constructing a hammerbeam roof.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first minister of the Hingham congregation who built Old Ship was the Rev. Peter Hobart, who had attended what was then Puritan-dominated University of Cambridge. Natives of Hingham in the county of Norfolk in East Anglia, Peter Hobart, his father Edmund and his brother Capt. Joshua Hobart were among Hinghams most prominent early settlers. Edmund Hobart and his wife Margaret (Dewey), said Cotton Mather, "were eminent for piety... and feared God above many." Assisting Hobart in the foundation of the congregation was Rev. Robert Peck, Hobarts senior and formerly rector of St Andrew&#39;s Church in Hingham, Norfolk.</p><br>
<p>After 44 years of service, minister Peter Hobart died on January 20, 1679, on the eve of the building of the new house of worship. Hobarts diary of events in Hingham, begun in the year 1635, was continued on his death by his son David. By the time Old Ship was built, Harvard-educated Rev. John Norton, who had been ordained by Peter Hobart, had assumed Hobarts ministry. While Rev. Norton was the first pastor of the congregation at its new home in Old Ship Church, Rev. Peter Hobart was the founder of the congregation, although he died before the new meetinghouse was finished.</p><br>
<p>Old Ship Church deacon John Leavitt, whose son John married Rev. Hobart&#39;s daughter Bathsheba, was deacon when Old Ship was constructed and he argued forcefully for the construction of a new meetinghouse. The matter of replacing the old thatched log meeting house stirred intense emotion in Hingham, and it took two heated town meetings to settle on a site for the new edifice, which was built on land donated by Capt. Joshua Hobart, brother of Rev. Peter Hobart. Ultimately, the town appropriated £430 for the new building, said to be the equal of any in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. The modern frame edifice, devoid of ornamentation, was raised in 1681, and accommodated its first worship service the following year. Old Ship, with its stark wooden pulpit and stripped-down interior, could not have been further from the houses of worship known to many of the East Anglians who settled Hingham, Massachusetts. It was, in a sense, the anti-Wool church.</p><br>
<p>The program celebrating the 275th anniversary of the raising of the Old Ship Church in July 1956 described the raising of the meetinghouse:</p><br>
<p>The side galleries were added to the building in 1730 and 1755.</p><br>
<p>Originally the building was furnished with backless wooden benches, with the first box pews being installed in 1755.</p><br>
<p>In the Victorian period, the box pews were removed and replaced with curved pews fanning outward from the pulpit, while the walls were papered and drapes were added to the windows. The church was restored to its current appearance, reflecting its 17th and 18th century characteristics, in 1930.</p><br>
<h2>Current use</h2><br>
<p>The current minister is Kenneth Read-Brown, a descendant of Rev. Peter Hobart. The congregation is Unitarian Universalist and is a Welcoming Congregation. Some of the meetinghouse furnishings still in use date to its founding: Old Ship&#39;s christening bowl, for instance, was made before 1600 and was likely brought to the Massachusetts Bay Colony by emigrants from Hingham, England.</p><br>
<h2>Old Ship Burying Ground</h2><br>
<p>Old Ship Church is abutted by a large colonial graveyard to the rear of the church. The graveyard, Hingham Cemetery, is sometimes called the First Settlers cemetery. It is independent of the Old Ship Church and is owned and managed by the Hingham Cemetery Corporation. It was originally part of a 6 acre tract of land granted by the town to Thomas Gill, one of Hinghams earliest settlers. (It now comprises 13 acre, and is the oldest cemetery in Hingham.) Buried within its precincts are many of Hinghams earliest settlers and their descendants, including members of the Cushing, Hersey, Otis, Chaffee, Lane, Andrews, Hobart, Loring, Bates, Leavitt, Thaxter, Tower, Beal, Lincoln, Fearing and other prominent early families.</p><br>
<p>Among the prominent individuals buried in the graveyard are: Thomas Joy (1618–1678), builder of the first statehouse in Boston (the building was built of timber) and designer of the Old Ship Church; Rev. Peter Hobart (1604–1679), pastor of Old Ship Church, ancestor of Senator John Kerry; Edmund Hobart, father of Rev. Peter, instrumental in founding Hingham, ancestor of John Henry Hobart; William Hersey, one of Hinghams first settlers, ancestor of writer John Hersey; Col. Samuel Thaxter (1665–1740), one of "His Majestys Council and Col. of His Regiment," delegate to the General Court and Hingham selectman; Col. Benjamin Lincoln (1699–1771), member of "His Majestys Council," town selectman, town clerk, husband of Elizabeth Thaxter (daughter of Col. Samuel Thaxter), and father of Major General Benjamin Lincoln; Mrs. Sarah Langley Hersey Derby (1714–1790), founder of Derby Academy in Hingham, widow of Dr. Ezekiel Hersey and of Salem merchant Richard Derby, father of Elias Hasket Derby; Mary Revere Lincoln (1770–1853), daughter of Paul Revere; Governor John Albion Andrew (1818–1867), Civil War governor of Massachusetts, instrumental in founding the 54th and 55th Massachusetts Regiments, the first regiments of black infantry in the Civil War; John Davis Long (1838-1915), 32nd Governor of Massachusetts and Secretary of the Navy;(Wilmon Brewer (1895–1998), author/poet, philanthropist (major donations: Old Ordinary tavern to the town of Hingham, More-Brewer Conservation Area, Worlds End Park); Solomon Lincoln (1804–1881), Hingham attorney, author of first history of Hingham (1827), state senator, president of Boston&#39;s Webster Bank, and president of the Hingham Cemetery Corporation.</p><br>
<p>The oldest burials date from at least 1672, before the building of the current meeting house. The Settlers Monument in Old Ship burying ground marks the place where the remains of Hinghams earliest settlers were moved after their initial burying place along modern-day Main Street, in front of Old Ship Church, was excavated for the passage of horse-drawn trolleys about 1835.</p><br>
<h2>Memorial Bell Tower</h2><br>
<p>Also in the grounds, situated close to the church, is the Hingham Memorial Bell Tower, erected in 1912 to commemorate the 275th anniversary of the founding of Hingham, and in memory of the towns founders. The tower contains ten bells hung for change ringing, also made in 1912 by Mears & Stainbank, of Whitechapel, London. The bells were cast specifically in order to be similar to the bells hung in St Andrews Church in Hingham, Norfolk, which the town&#39;s founders would have heard while living in England, and are tuned to the same key of E.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Commercial Company Building, in Huntington, Baker County, Oregon, United States, was built in 1890. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1992.</p><br>
<p>According to the Statement of Significance in its application for appearance on the Register, the Oregon Commercial Company Building is "the best preserved, most dominant building remaining that reflects the era of expansion associated with the economic impact of the railroad... ". It is also described there as a "rare and prominent vestige of Huntington&#39;s heyday as a railroad town".</p><br>
<p>The building burned down on May 24, 2019.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In the early 1880s, two subsidiaries of the Union Pacific Railroad were working to complete a single line that would connect Portland, Oregon and Omaha, Nebraska. Working from east to west was the Oregon Short Line; working in the opposite direction was the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company. The two lines of track were connected in Huntington in November 1884. At this point, economic activity around the connection point increased, generally catering to the railroad, its workers and its passengers. Huntington became an incorporated town in 1891.</p><br>
<p>The Oregon Commercial Company Building was built by the Oregon Construction Company. Work on it started in 1890 and was completed the next year. The two-story building originally had its lower floor split between a drug store and a general store. Its upper floor was used as rental apartments, chiefly tenanted by railroad workers. It took on the name of the Oregon Commercial Company in 1894 when that company was founded by R. M. Steel and J. H. Aitkin. The name of both the company and the building changed to the Huntington Mercantile when the business was purchased in 1908 by Fred S. Bubb. The building was purchased by Howell (first name not known) in 1928 and, by 1930, the lower floor had been converted into a restaurant (Howell&#39;s Cafe) and a lounge (the Streamliner Lounge).</p><br>
<p>A corner of the building collapsed in 1991, but reconstruction efforts were begun the next year. In 2002, Howell&#39;s Cafe and the Streamliner Lounge were re-opened as part of an overall plan to revitalize downtown Huntington.</p><br>
<p>The building burned with a complete loss on 5/24/2019</p><br>
<p>The D&RG Narrow Gauge Trestle, also known as the Cimarron Canyon trestle, is a narrow-gauge railroad deck truss bridge crossing the Cimarron River near Cimarron, Colorado. Located within the Curecanti National Recreation Area, the trestle is the last remaining railroad bridge along the Denver & Rio Grande Railroad&#39;s Black Canyon route, a narrow-gauge passenger and freight line that traversed the famous Black Canyon of the Gunnison between 1882 and the 1940s.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Pratt Truss-style bridge was constructed in 1895 by the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad, as part of the railroads narrow gauge passenger and freight route between Gunnison and Montrose in Western Colorado. Crossing the turbulent Cimarron River just upstream from its confluence with the Gunnison River, the trestle replaced a wooden trestle built during the routes construction in 1882. Originally 288 ft long, only the central span of it remains today.</p><br>
<p>The last remaining Trestle on the route after the abandonment of the line in the 1950s and the inundation of the Gunnison in the 1960s, the structure was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Static display</h2><br>
<p>Crossing the Cimarron River just upstream from its confluence with Crystal Reservoir, the bridge holds a static display composed of several pieces of railroad equipment. Representing the types of rolling stock used by the Denver and Rio Grande Railroad on the Black Canyon Route, the display includes a 2-8-0 steam locomotive, D&RGW No. 278, built by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1882, a coal tender paired with the engine in 1935, a boxcar, D&RGW No.3132, built in 1904 by American Car and Foundry and a caboose, No. 0577, manufactured in 1886.</p><br>
<p>Gifted by the railroad to the nearby town of Montrose in 1952, the engine, along with its tender and caboose, was leased to the National Park Service in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>2010 restoration project</h2><br>
<p>In July 2010, the National Park Service began a program of restoring the Cimarron Canyon trestle and the rolling stock displayed on it, including the D&RGW No. 278 steam locomotive. As a result, the stock was subsequently removed from the bridge and stored in a maintenance yard in Cimarron. While work on the bridge took place, the locomotive and rolling stock were sent to various firms in Colorado for cosmetic restoration. By late 2018, the entire restoration project had been completed and the D&RGW No. 278, coal tender, boxcar, and caboose were placed back on the trestle on October 26, 2018.</p><br>
<p>The German-English Academy Building is a school built in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1891 for the German-English Academy , which later became the University School of Milwaukee. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is now owned by the Milwaukee School of Engineering. Since 2012, it has been leased to the company Direct Supply as a technology center.</p><br>
<p>It is beside the Grohmann Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The 3½-story building was designed by Charles D. Crane and Carl C. Barkhausen, the latter was himself an alumnus of the German-English Academy. Barkhausen was later trained in architecture in Germany.</p><br>
<p>The structure consists of two wings, with the entrance in the linking section between them. The south wing – now by the Grohmann Museum – housed the academys classrooms. To the right of the entrance is the south wings attached neo-Gothic pavilion (slightly protruding block), which is topped by a prominent gable end with three arched windows.</p><br>
<p>The north wing, now next to the parking lot, contained the gymnasiums.</p><br>
<p>Each wing is covered by a steep hip roof. The north wing has a wide five-windowed dormer that is, in turn, covered by a hip roof, which emerges from the slope of the main roof. The back of the building also has a similar wide dormer, but completely in gray. The north side of the building has a large gable-fronted dormer.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1851 some of Milwaukees wealthy German immigrants formed the Milwaukee Schulverein (School Association). Many of the founders were Forty-Eighters, progressives who had left Germany after the German revolutions of 1848–49 failed. Unhappy with Milwaukees public schools, and wanting instruction in German as well as English, they started a private school called the German-English Academy (die deutsch-englische Akademie). Aside from teaching German, the Academy brought in other ideas from German education at the time: singing, drawing and domestic science classes; physical education based on the German Turner movement. In 1873 the Academy offered the first kindergarten in Milwaukee. Classes initially met in the home of Peter Engelmann, the first teacher, but soon outgrew that.</p><br>
<p>In 1891-1892 a new home (pictured) was built for the school, with two blocks. The Pfister/Vogel family financed the southern classroom block (on right in photo). with a limestone foundation, cream-brick walls, bands of windows, small towers on the corners, small arcades, and a hip roof. The Milwaukee Turner Society funded the northern gymnasium block (on left) which is similar, but with arcades of large windows to let light into the gymnasium, and with towering chimneys. Designs on the gymnasium&#39;s terra cotta spandrels depict Indian clubs, foils, and other Turner athletic equipment. Both blocks were designed by Charles D. Crane and Carl C. Barkhausen (a former student of the Academy), achieving a unified design.</p><br>
<p>The new building allowed study of manual arts for boys, domestic science for girls, and phy-ed for both. It housed a natural science museum and labs for physics and chemistry. The Academy produced many teachers for Milwaukees public school system and "in 1900, the Superintendent of Schools credited Engelmanns School with being the model for the public school system."</p><br>
<p>During WWI, amidst suspicion of all things German, the German-English Academy changed its name to the Milwaukee University School. In 1927 that school moved to River Hills. The building was converted in 1930 to a furniture store, with extensive changes to the interior. In 1933 the Milwaukee School of Engineering acquired it and resumed using it for education. In 1982 the facade was restored and the interior remodeled as offices.</p><br>
<p>Hudson View Gardens is a cooperative apartment complex located on Pinehurst Avenue and Cabrini Boulevard in the near vicinity of West 183rd and 185th Streets, located in the Hudson Heights subsection of the Washington Heights neighborhood in Manhattan, New York City. It overlooks the Hudson River to the west and Bennett Park &ndash; which includes Manhattan&#39;s highest natural point &ndash; to the east. The complex was constructed as a housing cooperative from 1923 to 1925. In 2016 it was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>At a time when some believed that only the wealthy or poor could afford to live in Manhattan, affordable urban housing was viewed a solution to the problem of the middle-class flight to the suburbs. Charles V. Paterno, a real estate developer best known for his extensive work in Morningside Heights, purchased land on Pinehurst Avenue and Cabrini Boulevard, between West 182nd and 186th Streets, across the street from his estate, atop a ridge above the Hudson River. His plan was to create a "garden community" of cooperative apartments to attract those who desired the comforts of the era&#39;s garden city movement-inspired upper middle class suburbs (exemplified by the eponymous Garden City, New York and Mountain Lakes, New Jersey) but also wished to remain in New York City.</p><br>
<p>The project was designed by architect George F. Pelham with landscaping by landscape architect Robert B. Cridland from Philadelphia. Pelham&#39;s fifteen buildings in the complex occupy 40% of the 3.869 acre site. The nine six-story elevator buildings and six four-story walk-ups were situated to make use of the open space and the expansive views of the Hudson River to the west and Bennett Park to the east. Its use of Tudor-style architectural elements in the facade came two years before the construction of Tudor City, the other major Tudor complex in Manhattan. The AIA Guide to New York City describes the complex as "Scarsdale Tudor."</p><br>
<p>Pelham also designed another apartment building in the neighborhood, The Pinehurst, which was built in 1907 at the corner of Fort Washington Avenue and West 180th Street. Pelham&#39;s son, George F. Pelham Jr., was the architect of Castle Village, a Hudson Heights neighbor of Hudson View Gardens across Cabrini Avenue, which was built in 1938.</p><br>
<p>At the time of its construction, Hudson View Gardens was the largest housing cooperative in New York and one of the earliest aimed at the middle class. Today it is known throughout Hudson Heights as the home of beautifully manicured gardens, its own children&#39;s playground, and USA mail delivered directly to each apartment. Community events are hosted in the Hudson View Lounge, many of which are free and open to the public.</p><br>
<p>The Maryland Theatre is a music and entertainment venue located in the Arts and Entertainment District of downtown Hagerstown, Maryland. It was built in 1915, partially destroyed by fire in 1974, reopened in 1978, and expanded into a full performing arts complex in 2019. The theatres seating capacity is 1,279 people, and it hosts performances of symphony orchestras, country artists, comedians, childrens shows, pop stars, recitals, stage shows, and others. Over 81,000 patrons attended performances at the Maryland Theatre in 2005, making it one of Maryland&#39;s premier venues for the performing arts. The Maryland Symphony Orchestra performs there regularly and has been headquartered in the building since 2019. The theater features a fully restored Wurlitzer theatre organ.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Maryland Theatre was designed by architect Harry E. Yessler of Hagerstown, in association with prominent theater architect Thomas W. Lamb of New York. Interior design was by Arthur Brounet of New York. The contractor was George Wolfe of Hagerstown.</p><br>
<p>The original facade of the theater at 21-25 South Potomac Street was a five-story apartment block. The theater occupies the interior of the first block of South Potomac Street, and was originally entered through the ground floor of the apartments. The chief character of the theater, even prior to the 1974 fire that destroyed the front block and main lobby, was to be found in its interior. The interior is primarily neoclassical in character, with Art Deco influences. The house features a prominent proscenium arch framing the stage house. The auditorium has three boxes on either side of the auditorium level and three to each side on the balcony level, set in an arched niche. The small interior lobby is restrained in its detailing, with a grand stair from the main level to the balcony level. A smaller stair continues to the upper balcony. The current lobby, finished in 2019, spans nearly the full width of the theater and contains the box office, a concession stand, a seating area, two entrances to the main level of the theater house, and a grand stair that diverges at a landing. The upstairs level has two entrances into the balcony level of the theater and a second concession stand and cocktail bar with cafe seating. Another staircase connects the main floor to the basement level, with another seating area and more restrooms.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Maryland Theatre opened on May 10, 1915, with live performances, including the Tiller Sisters, a singing and dancing act called "The Big Surprise", and the Guzmania Trio of acrobats. This was followed by a movie, The Commuters. The Maryland Theatre operated until November 1973. A February 8, 1974 fire destroyed the front block, which was demolished. In 1978, the front was converted into a courtyard plaza and a new, smaller lobby was constructed for the reopening. In 1994, a portion of the film Guarding Tess featuring Nicolas Cage and Shirley MacLaine was filmed inside the theatre.</p><br>
<p>In 2010, the Maryland Theatre acquired the McBare Building, a three-story Italianate commercial building located partially in front of the theater, to expand its office and lobby space. The concession stand was located in the main floor of the McBare Building until 2018.</p><br>
<p>The Maryland Theatre&#39;s interior was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h3>2019 expansion and new lobby</h3><br>
<p>In 2018, the 1978 lobby, the McBare Building, and the courtyard were demolished to begin an expansion of the Theatre into a Performing Arts Complex, finished and opened in October 2019. The complex contains an expansive lobby, a cocktail lounge, offices for the Maryland Symphony Orchestra, a VIP suite, a rehearsal stage, and a ballroom. This expansion accompanied the expansion of the adjacent Barbara Ingram School for the Arts. The project was designed by Grimm + Parker Architects.</p><br>
<p>Fort Fetterman was constructed in 1867 by the United States Army on the Great Plains frontier in Dakota Territory, approximately 11 miles northwest of present-day Douglas, Wyoming. Located high on the bluffs south of the North Platte River, it served as a major base for the start of several United States military expeditions against warring Native American tribes. The fort is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Fetterman was built as a major supply point for the United States army&#39;s operations in the area. Established on July 19, 1867, by Companies A, C, H, and I of the 4th USA Infantry under the command of Major William E. Dye, the fort was named in honor of Captain William J. Fetterman, who was killed in a battle with Indians near Fort Phil Kearny on December 21, 1866.</p><br>
<p>"It contained quarters for three hundred enlisted men, and the necessary officers; the various magazines and store-houses required for the preservation of ammunition, rations and other supplies; a hospital with fifteen beds; stables for fifty horses; a corral capable of holding fifty-six mule wagons, with their animals; a theatre, an ice-house, a root-house, a granary, a bake-house, blacksmith shops, saw-mill, saddlers shop, paint shop, laundresses quarters and a steam engine for pumping water from the North Platte River."</p><br>
<p>With the completion of Fort Fetterman, the army abandoned Fort Caspar and moved its garrison into the new fort in August. As it was on the south side of the Platte, Fort Fetterman was excluded from the provisions of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie, which resulted in the US abandonment of all forts further to the north: forts Reno, Phil Kearny, and C.F. Smith). Thus, Fort Fetterman became the northernmost military post in eastern Wyoming. It was important to the protection of the Bozeman Trail and other routes for settlers.</p><br>
<p>Given its remote location, the post was not considered a desirable station. Desertions by soldiers were frequent, and the winters long and hard. Supplies had to be brought in by wagon from Fort Laramie to the southeast or from Medicine Bow Station on the railroad. Soldiers had to carry water up the steep bluffs from the river or nearby creek. The soil proved to be unsuitable for sustaining gardens, so fresh vegetables were not available.</p><br>
<p>In 1876, during the Great Sioux War with the Lakota, Cheyenne, and Arapaho tribes, the monotony of garrison duty at Fetterman was broken by a series of major military expeditions that set out from the fort. The Big Horn Expedition, which included three of the post&#39;s four companies under the command of Colonel Joseph J. Reynolds, culminated in a defeat at the Battle of Powder River in March. The Yellowstone Expedition led by Brigadier General George Crook engaged in the Battle of Rosebud in June, and the Powder River Expedition under Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie destroyed a Cheyenne village in November during the Dull Knife Fight. Fort Fetterman remained active until 1882, when it was abandoned by the Army as the Indian Wars had subsided.</p><br>
<p>A small community (Fetterman City) was started around the empty fort by Charles Henry King and others as an outfitting point for area ranchers and for wagon trains. When the town of Douglas was established eleven miles away in 1886, Fetterman City rapidly declined.</p><br>
<h2>State Historic Site</h2><br>
<p>The old fort deteriorated from neglect. Today, the partially restored site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places and is administered as an historic site by the State of Wyoming. Visitors can walk an interpretive trail to view the ruins of the forts buildings. An officers quarters and an ordnance warehouse have been restored and contain exhibits, artifacts and dioramas about the fort&#39;s history, Fetterman City and area Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>Patterson Hotel, also known as the Hale House, is a historic building located near the town square in Watertown, Tennessee. The building was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1997. Completed in 1898, the Hale House originally served as a private residence. In addition, the structure has served as a railroad hotel and boarding house. Currently, the building is privately owned and operated as a bed and breakfast, the Watertown Bed and Breakfast.</p><br>
<p>Its National Register nomination describes: "Constructed in ca. 1898 and 1912, this frame, red brick veneer, two-story building began as a central hall plan and frame house. The original exterior was weatherboard. In 1912, the brick red veneer was added as well as the classic square columns and the wraparound porch. From this simple Folk Victorian style with Queen Anne influences emerged a Classic Revival hotel, as the bay of the Queen Anne style became the polygonal projection of the Classical Revival. Also, other Queen Anne influences remained in place, including the windows where the large panes of glass are surrounded by smaller panes of glass. Thus, the building is an interesting blend of Queen Anne and Classical Revival elements."</p><br>
<p>Hale Springs Inn, built in 1824 on the Courthouse Square in Rogersville, Tennessee, was the oldest continuously-operated Inn in Tennessee. It is listed as a contributing property of the Rogersville Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Inn was originally built in 1824-25 by John McKinney, a local lawyer and businessman, to compete with the tavern operated by the founder of Rogersville, Joseph Rogers. Rogers&#39; Tavern was originally located a few hundred feet off the Great Stage Road that ran through the new town to Knoxville, Tennessee toward the Cumberland Gap. In 1815, Rogers built a newer building directly on the Stage Road; neither building, however, was very substantial, and there were minimal guest rooms.</p><br>
<p>McKinneys plan was to build a larger, brick inn directly on the road to compete with both of Rogers buildings. In 1823, he began construction on a massive, three-story, Federal style building that would house facilities for a true tavern bar, but also individual guest rooms on the different floors. The building also featured an impressive balcony over its door that would feature prominently later in its history.</p><br>
<h2>Distinguished guests</h2><br>
<p>During the nineteenth century, the Inn played host to many famous personages as they made their way into the thriving new state of Tennessee. Among them were United States Presidents Andrew Jackson, James K. Polk, and Andrew Johnson.</p><br>
<p>Jackson stayed at the Inn shortly after its completion, while he was still President; he used its balcony to address a crowd of Rogersvillians in a political speech. McKinney, the Inns owner, saw this as a publicity coup over rival and town-founder, Joseph Rogers, who had also petitioned the President to stay at his Tavern. The deciding factor in Jacksons mind, according to letters from the time, was the balcony over the Inn&#39;s main door.</p><br>
<h2>American Civil War</h2><br>
<p>During the American Civil War, East Tennessee and her citizens were deeply divided over the issues of slavery, States rights, and secession that ultimately led to Tennessees break with the Union.</p><br>
<p>This conflict was reflected by the buildings Rogersville&#39;s occupiers chose when they controlled the town. Early in the war, Union forces captured the town, and during their occupation, they set their headquarters in the Hale Springs Inn, which was on the south side of Main Street, but faced north.</p><br>
<p>When the Confederacy retook Rogersville in early 1863 during the Battle of Big Creek, they established their headquarters in the building across the street from the Inn, the Kyle House—which was on the north side of Main Street, but faced south.</p><br>
<p>When the inn closed in 1998 it was Tennessee&#39;s oldest continuously operated inn. In 2003 the Rogersville Heritage Association purchased the inn and, in cooperation with city government, launched a renovation effort which surpassed US$2.1 million as of early 2009. Completion and reopening of the inn is projected for June 2009.</p><br>
<p>During the renovation the rear addition, built in 1870, partially fell and was demolished, leaving only the original 1824 main structure. Builders salvaged brick from the 1870 rear addition for use on the exterior of the new rear addition/kitchen under construction in late 2008 and early 2009.</p><br>
<h2>Twentieth century</h2><br>
<p>After the divisive war, the name of the Inn was changed to Hale Springs Hotel, and it began to serve as a stopping point for tourists who were on their way to see nearby Hale Springs Resort, a famous hot mineral springs near Rogersville.</p><br>
<p>The Inn continued to serve as a hotel until it closed briefly in 1980, when it was purchased, fully restored to its 1820-30s appearance, and reopened as Hale Springs Inn.</p><br>
<h2>Crown jewel</h2><br>
<p>After its owner, Captain Carl Netherland-Brown closed the Inn in 1999, the Rogersville Heritage Association decided to purchase the Inn and continue to operate it as an inn, while discontinuing the function of its kitchen, dining area and garden, focusing on the history of its previous inhabitants as the crown jewel of the downtown Rogersville Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The Inn is undergoing extensive renovations through a public-private joint venture of the Town of Rogersville and the Rogersville Heritage Association.</p><br>
<p>The Hale Springs Inn re-opened in 2009 and has since operated as an Inn, with 9 spacious guestrooms, and also houses McKinney&#39;s Restaurant and Tavern. Anyone is welcome to stop in and tour the beautifully restored Inn and have lunch or dinner. The Inn is also available to be rented out for Weddings, Reunions, and more.</p><br>
<h2>National Register of Historic Places</h2><br>
<p>The Inn is not listed as an entry on the National Register of Historic Places, but it is recognized as a contributing property of the Rogersville Historic District. As such, it is a historically significant component of the district included on the National Register.</p><br>
<p>Andes station, branch MP 8.45, was the busiest railroad station on the Delaware and Northerns Andes Branch, serving the bustling Village of Andes, and was also at the branchs northern terminus. It was fully erected, including minor details, in 1907, a year after the branch opened up.</p><br>
<p>The station was abandoned when the Delaware & Northern abandoned the Andes branch in 1925, and was left to a poor fate. It was then purchased by the Decker family for their lumber, hardware and feed store and was used to store inventory. The Decker family donated the depot building and property to the Town of Andes. It has been restored by the town and now houses an auditorium type space to be used to show historical movies and programming.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2004 as the Delaware and Northern Railroad Station.</p><br>
<p>The Depot building is a few steps away from the trailhead of the.</p><br>
<p>The Tintic Standard Reduction Mill&mdash;also known as the Tintic Mill or Harold Mill&mdash;built in 1920, and only operating from 1921 to 1925, is an abandoned refinery or concentrator located on the west slope of Warm Springs Mountain on the southern edge of Genola, Utah, United States. In 2002, the Utah Department of Environmental Quality tested the soil and found it contained high levels of arsenic and lead, which can lead to serious health problems and even death.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The mill was designed and built by W. C. Madge. It is significant as the only American mill using the Augustin process during the early 1920s. Metals processed at the mill included copper, gold, silver, and lead, all of which were received from another mill near Eureka. The metal content of ore was increased through the process to make transportation less expensive. The reducing process used was an acid-brine chloridizing and leaching process which became outdated, leading to the abandonment of the site in 1925. At the mill&#39;s highest productivity it processed 200 tons of ore daily from the Tintic Mining District.</p><br>
<p>What remains of the mill are foundations for water tanks, crushers, roasters, iron boxes, leaching tanks, and drain boxes. The site dominates the surrounding landscape with its size and unique colors and shapes. It has been speculated that the mill may be the contributor of heavy metal pollution in the Warm Springs which lie below it.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places September 13, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Perseverance Hall No. 4 is a historic building within the Louis Armstrong Park in New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Originally a Masonic lodge, it was built between 1819 and 1820, making it the oldest Masonic temple in Louisiana.</p><br>
<p>Its historic significance is based on its use for dances, where Louisiana Creole jazz performers and bands reportedly played for black and white audiences. Various organizations, both black and white, rented Perseverance Hall for dances, concerts, Monday night banquets, and recitals. The building was used by multiple masonic lodges, mainly Persévérance no. 4 (FR), but also l&#39;Etoile Polaire no. 1 (FR), Germania Lodge no. 46 (AASR), Amor Fraternal no. 4 (AASR), Trinosophes no. 1 (AASR), Perfect Union no. 1 (YR).</p><br>
<p>During the early 20th century, some bands, such as the Golden Rule Band, were barred from appearing at Perseverance Hall, apparently because management considered them too undignified for the place. The building also served as a terminal point for Labor Day parades involving white and black bands. During the 1920s and 1930s, well past the formative years of jazz, various jazz bands played there.</p><br>
<p>Perseverance Hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on October 2, 1973.</p><br>
<p>Heritage Hall is the oldest building on the campus of Valparaiso University in the USA state of Indiana. Built in 1875 by John Flint, it was used as a residence hall for men. In 1878, a fire destroyed the third floor. The building was later purchased by Richard Abraham Heritage, remodeled into a two-story school of music, At different times throughout its history, Heritage Hall underwent renovations. It was used as a dormitory, a barracks , a machinery classroom, and finally a library when Valparaiso University was bought by the Lutheran University Association in 1925. In 1959, the new Moellering Library had been completed and the building was converted to classrooms and offices. Heritage Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<p>Today, Heritage Hall is part of the Valparaiso University School of Law and houses the Valparaiso University Law Clinic, which provides free legal services to qualifying members of the community. In 2006, the then-Dean of Valparaiso University School of Law, Jay Conison, announced that the addition attached to Heritage Hall, formerly the University Mail Center, would be demolished during the summer of 2009. A new addition to Heritage Hall, known as the Lawyering Skills Center, was built in its place. The University&#39;s Law Clinic will operate from this new facility, and the building will host other activities focused upon practical skill-building for law students. The construction of this new building was made possible by a $4 million donation.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Heritage Hall was a boarding dormitory on College Avenue in 1875. It was a three-story structure built of brick. Heritage Hall was Italianate in design, with a bracketed French Mansard roof and prominent dormers. The third floor was destroyed by fire in 1879. A flat sloping roof was installed, leaving the structure with only two floors. The new roof-line was concealed by extending the outer walls up to create a parapet on three sides. The original chimneys were extended above the parapet line. On the College Avenue side, the parapet was decorated with a brick patterned frieze.</p><br>
<p>The exterior walls are arranged in a series of two-story bays, each with a tall arched window for each floor, with the substitution of a doorway in five of the bays on the first floor. The three center bays on the front and back project from the main structure. Separating the bays are brick buttresses with chimney traces. Above the second floor windows, the walls of the bays extend out to the face of the parapet, which is flush with the buttresses. The whole structure rests on a low, masonry pedestal which marks the line of the first floor. The pattern of window repetition on the College Avenue side is broken by the arched, double doorway in the center of the building. Originally decorated by a simple masonry arch like the windows that surround it, the central doorway was remodeled with a Georgian styled frame and lintel in 1939. Two wings were added to the back of the building in the twentieth century. The first, a wood-framed barracks, was added for the use of soldiers during the First World War. The barracks continued in use after the war, and in 1925, Heritage Hall was used as the University Library. The wood addition was used as the stacks and were expanded in 1946, with a cement block and brick addition. The library was transferred in 1959 and Heritage was to accommodate offices and classrooms. The deteriorated chimneys were removed. The exterior brickwork was sandblasted and repaired. Heritage Hall, named for Professor Richard Heritage of the music department, was originally known as Flint Hall. John Flint was a local landowner and the builder of the dormitory. In the over one-hundred-year history of the building, it has also served as the shop and classroom for a federal program of veteran rehabilitation after World War I, and from 1925 to 1959 it housed the University Library. At present it accommodates offices for administrative and faculty personnel.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>The structure has bridged several eras in the history of a school that was founded in 1859 as the Valparaiso Male and Female Academy, one of the first coeducational institutions in the United States. It was in 1873 that the school, as the Northern Indiana Normal School, "Mr. Brown&#39;s School," began to flourish and achieve a national reputation. It was renamed Valparaiso College in 1900 and rechartered as Valparaiso University in 1907. The building of a dormitory reflected the growing success of President Henry Baker Brown who had brought to American higher education a philosophy that emphasized the offering of practical training to meet the wants of students and the making of such an education, vocational as well as liberal arts, available at a cost which reflected a democratic view. With a faculty that was thorough, and with a student life which emphasized character development, this practical approach to curriculum, offered at the low cost of $8.00 a term, soon attracted an enrollment that was second only to that of Harvard University. The most famous resident of Heritage Hall was George W. Norris, who served as United States Senator from Nebraska 1913 to 1943. Mr. Norris remembered the dormitory as a "large three-story building, which provided furnished rooms and board for men for $1.40 a week."</p><br>
<h2>Bibliography</h2><br>
<p>George W. Stimpson, The Story of Valparaiso University (Chicago, 1921), p. 30.</p><br>
<p>John Strietelmeier, Valparaiso: First Century (Valparaiso, Indiana, 1959), p. 28.</p><br>
<p>Rosewell Plantation in Gloucester County, Virginia, was for more than 100 years the home of a branch of the Page family, one of the First Families of Virginia. Begun in 1725, the Flemish bond brick Rosewell mansion overlooking the York River was one of the most elaborate homes in the American colonies.</p><br>
<p>In Mansions of Virginia, architectural historian Thomas Tileston Waterman describes the plantation house as "the largest and finest of American houses of the colonial period." Through much of the 18th century and 19th centuries, and during the American Civil War, Rosewell plantation hosted the area&#39;s most elaborate formal balls and celebrations. The home burned in 1916.</p><br>
<p>In 1793, the Page family sold part of the Rosewell plantation to the Catlett family, who erected a house called "Timberneck", which still stands inside Virginia&#39;s 40th state park, Machicomico State Park. The Timberneck house, like Rosewell, has been the subject of archeological excavations, but unlike Rosewell, is being renovated by the Fairfield Foundation and volunteers, pursuant to an agreement with the Commonwealth of Virginia which envisions future lodging opportunities within the historic structure.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction of Rosewell was begun in 1725 by Mann Page I (1691&ndash;1730), son of Matthew Page and Mary Mann and grandson of planter Colonel John Page of Jamestown and Middle Plantation. Page was educated in England at Eton College and Oxford University. Shortly after his return to North America, Page was appointed to the Governor&#39;s Council of the Virginia Colony. He married about 1712. His first wife died in 1716 from complications following the birth of their third child, son Mann Page, who also died.</p><br>
<p>In 1718 Page had married Judith Carter (1695–1750), a daughter of Robert "King" Carter and his first wife Judith Armistead. They had five children together, including a son named Mann Page II (1718-1778) and an infant that died in 1728, at birth.</p><br>
<p>Page had intended to build a mansion to rival or exceed in size and luxury the newly completed Governors Palace in Williamsburg. After he died in 1730, his widow Judith Page inherited the property. The primary construction materials were brick, marble, and mahogany, some of which was imported from England. Architectural historians believe that the 12,000 ft&sup2; house, double the size of the Governors Palace, may have been designed by Mann Page himself. Larger than any residence built in colonial Virginia, Rosewell probably owed its design to the London townhouses built to the stricter codes following the Great Fire of London.</p><br>
<p>Their son Mann Page II (1718-1778) supervised completion of the mansion after reaching manhood. By then the Page family was strapped for cash due to the cost of building the great house, and Page II ultimately sold off a significant portion of his vast land holdings to fund its completion. Page descendants continued to hold and occupy Rosewell for 100 years.</p><br>
<p>In 1837 the Page family sold the mansion to Thomas Booth. He made changes, removing the parapet and two octagonal rooftop cupolas from the house. The lead roof was stripped off and sold, as were the mansions carved marble mantles and much of its fine interior woodwork. The flat roof was replaced with a low hip roof with a single cupola surrounded by a widows walk.</p><br>
<p>The plantation passed through several more owners. In 1916 a fire broke out and destroyed Rosewell mansion. Today, the remains of the house is a largely undisturbed historic ruin. The site has been the subject of archaeological work. This has revealed many artifacts and shed light on some aspects of colonial life and architecture that were previously unclear. The property was listed in 1969 on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>From the colonial period to the Civil War, Rosewell planters held slaves to work as field hands and as house servants: valets and personal maids, cooks and housemaids. Such large plantations were essentially self-sufficient, so numerous slaves also performed skilled trades such as carriage driver and caring for horses and carriages, blacksmithing, woodworking, and butchering at the plantation. They raised all the vegetables and produce for the owners and often some for themselves.</p><br>
<h3>Page family of Virginia</h3><br>
<p>John Page (1743–1808) became a politician, being elected and serving as Governor of Virginia. A grandson of Mann Page (I) and son of Mann Page II, he had grown up at Rosewell. He attended the College of William and Mary (class of 1763) in nearby Williamsburg, where he was a classmate of Thomas Jefferson, also of the planter class. He fought during the American Revolutionary War, attaining the rank of colonel. In addition to serving as governor, he served multiple terms in the USA Congress and the Virginia General Assembly.</p><br>
<p>Other notable members of Virginias Page family include Colonel John Page of Jamestown and Middle Plantation and father of Mann Page I; Governor Pages brother Mann Page III; Thomas Nelson Page, USA Ambassador to Italy; William Nelson Page, known for building the Virginia Railway; Thomas Jefferson Page, officer in United States Navy and Captain in the Confederate States Navy; and Confederate General Richard Lucian Page.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Rosewell Mansion and part of its history were described by author James Joseph McDonald in "Life In Old Virginia" (Norfolk, Va.: The Old Virginia Publishing Co., 1907) thus:</p><br>
<p>The mansion is substantially built of brick, three story and basement. The foundation walls are three and one-half feet thick. The reception hall is large, the ceilings lofty, and the whole mansion is indicative of refined taste and wealth. From the upper windows, a magnificent view is had of the surrounding level lands and the waters of the creeks and the York River.</p><br>
<p>During the life of Governor Page, Thomas Jefferson was a frequent and welcome visitor there. On one of his visits, he wrote the rough draft of the Declaration of Independence in what is now known as the Blue Room, situated on the northwest corner of the second story of this house.</p><br>
<p>The elaborate Flemish bond brickwork, the towering three stories, and the siting of the mansion were all meant to recall elaborate London homes of the era. In that sense, Rosewell was among the most sophisticated early buildings built in America.</p><br>
<p>"Rosewell was the largest and most advanced brick building in Virginia at the time," writes architectural historian Daniel Drake Reiff. "It was unique in being of London townhouse design, and it seems likely that a London bricklayer was brought over to supervise the massive undertaking and to execute the more complicated detailings in brick &ndash; like the door casings."The similarity in Flemish bond brickwork between Rosewell and Christ Church, built in Lancaster County by Page&#39;s father-in-law, Robert Carter, has led some to speculate that the same masons may have worked on both.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was the first in the American colonies to have a projecting central pavilion, "antedating any other by a score of years," wrote architectural historian Fiske Kimball in Domestic Architecture of the American Colonies and of the Early Republic. "At Rosewell the pavilions, front and rear, are masses deep enough to affect the spaces of the interior, but a glance at the plan reveals that they were adopted for plastic exterior effect."</p><br>
<p>As originally completed, the house had a flat lead roof behind a parapet atop its three stories, and twin octagonal cupolas at each end. Flanking dependencies in front of the mansion formed an elaborate forecourt. The interior was painted in high style, such that the restorers of Colonial Williamsburg relied, in part, on an order by John Page for paints from London to give a sense of the colors in the Governor&#39;s Palace at Williamsburg. In 1771 Page wrote to John Norton and Sons of London for new materials, appending these instructions: "As my house is very much out of repair, I shall be much obliged if you will send me the following articles: 100 lbs. white lead; 20 lbs. yellow ochre; a bri of oyl; 20 lbs. of Venetian Red; 2 gallons of spts of Turpentine; 5 lbs. of Red lead; 3 lbs. lamp Black; 2 lbs. of white Coperas."</p><br>
<p>Speedwell Forge Mansion, also known as Speedwell Forge Homestead, is a historic home located at Elizabeth Township, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. The ironmasters mansion was built about 1760, and is a 2½-story, four bay wide and two bay deep, brownstone and fieldstone dwelling in the Georgian style. It was expanded about 1795 with a Georgian/Federal style wing. Also on the property are a contributing stone summer kitchen , stone and frame workshop , stone paymasters office c. 1795), and stone privy .</p><br>
<p>The forge operated continuously until 1854, when it closed as iron production moved west. The property has been restored and turned into a bed and breakfast as well as the Wolf Sanctuary of Pennsylvania. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Ironmasters</h2><br>
<h3>Peter Grubb</h3><br>
<p>Peter Grubb founded the Cornwall Iron Furnace as well as the Cornwall iron mines, the richest source of iron ever found in America east of Lake Superior.</p><br>
<p>In the 1730s, Grubb, a stonemason, began mining in what is now known as Cornwall, Pennsylvania, and literally stumbled upon one of the largest and richest iron mines ever found. (It was mined for over 240 years, until the open pit mine flooded in 1972). In 1742, Grubb built the Cornwall Iron Furnace which used a charcoal-fired blast furnace to convert iron ore to pig iron.</p><br>
<p>Peter Grubb&#39;s sons, Curtis and Peter Jr., operated the ironworks after 1765 and Peter Jr., who ran the Hopewell Forges on Hammer Creek, hired Robert Coleman.</p><br>
<h3>John Jacob Huber</h3><br>
<p>Around 1735, John Jacob Huber, a German immigrant, set up a tavern on Newport Road, which ran from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to the port at Newport, Delaware. (This tavern is now the Forgotten Seasons B&B.) In 1746 he sold the tavern and purchased 400 acre of land in what is now Elizabeth County. By 1750 he built Elizabeth Furnace and began casting five-plate stoves, some of which survive today.</p><br>
<h3>Henry William Stiegel</h3><br>
<p>Huber hired another German immigrant, Henry William Stiegel, as clerk, and in 1752 Stiegel married Hubers daughter, Elizabeth. In 1757, Stiegel purchased his father-in-laws interest in the furnace. (The township later took its name from the furnace.)</p><br>
<h3>James Old</h3><br>
<p>James Old (1730-1809) emigrated from Wales in 1750. Arriving in Lancaster, he was employed at Windsor Forge in Caernarvon Township. A few years later, he struck out on his own and built Poole Forge, also in Caernarvon Township. In 1760, he and his partner David Caldwell purchased land from Huber along Hammer Creek, and built Speedwell Forge.</p><br>
<h3>Robert Coleman</h3><br>
<p>Robert Coleman (1748–1825) was born in Caste Finn, Ireland, and immigrated to Pennsylvania in 1764. Arriving penniless, his beautiful penmanship soon earned him a clerk position for the Reading Prothonotary. After two years, he was hired by Peter Grubb Jr. as a clerk at Hopewell Forge, in Lancaster County. However, in 1767, after only six months at Hopewell Forge, Coleman was hired by James Old, who had just leased Quittapahilla Forge in Lancaster County (now Lebanon County). Coleman lived with the Old family, travelling between Speedwell and Quittapahilla.</p><br>
<p>Because of its distance from town, a forge had to be self-sustaining, employing farmers, lumberjacks, blacksmiths, horses, livestock, etc. Thus the iron master oversaw not just a forge, but a community.</p><br>
<p>In 1767, Old took Coleman to Reading Furnace, in Chester County, Pennsylvania. In 1773, Coleman married Old&#39;s daughter, Anne. With the help of his father-in-law, Coleman leased Salford Forge, and began building his iron empire. In 1784, Coleman purchased Speedwell Forge from his father-in-law for 7000 pounds. After selling Speedwell, James Old purchased an interest in Hopewell Furnace in Berks County, Pennsylvania. There are indicators that he worked as a Justice of the Courts in Lancaster, and was a member of the State Assembly.</p><br>
<p>Coleman owned several furnaces during the Revolution, receiving many contracts for munitions and chain links, which were stretched across the bays to keep English war ships at bay. Coleman reinvested his profits, buying many forges and furnaces, even the Cornwall iron mine. He became Pennsylvania&#39;s first millionaire, and by the time of his death, his legacy was fully established.</p><br>
<p>Speedwell Forge was used as a training ground for his sons, before being promoted to furnaces.</p><br>
<h2>Use of anthracite coal</h2><br>
<p>By the 1850s, improvements in coal technology had produced anthracite coal, which burned hotter than bituminous coal. New furnaces burned hotter and were much more efficient, and the industry was moving west to places like Pittsburgh. As a result, many of the furnaces and forges closed. Speedwell closed in 1854; Cornwall held out until 1883. Some of the furnaces (including Cornwall and Hopewell) survived, simply because the furnaces were too massive to do anything with. Forges, on the other hand, could be completely dismantled and abandoned. As a result, there are no extant forges remaining in America.</p><br>
<h2>Horse breeding</h2><br>
<p>The Speedwell property remained in the Coleman family, and they began breeding standardbred horses for sulky racing. The quarter-mile training track is now used as the driveway for Speedwell Forge mansion, and the half-mile racing track is still visible at the top of the hill, in what is now a cornfield.</p><br>
<h2>Lake and county park</h2><br>
<p>In 1942, Margaret Coleman Buckingham sold the Speedwell property, and surrounding 1,000 acre, to Gerald and Kathryn Darlington. In the 1960s, Pennsylvania state purchased about 500 acre along Hammer Creek and dammed it, creating Speedwell Forge Lake. In the 1990s, Lancaster County purchased about 300 acre also along Hammer Creek, and created the Speedwell Forge County Park.</p><br>
<h2>The site today</h2><br>
<p>Today, nothing remains of the forge above ground. There are supposedly some historic artifacts underwater, but the exact location of the forge is no longer known. The associated ironmasters mansion was fully restored in 2005 by Dawn Darlington, granddaughter of Gerald and Kathryn Darlington, and converted into a bed and breakfast. In 2006, the property, which included a summer kitchen and paymasters office, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Basilica and National Shrine of Mary, Help of Christians at the Holy Hill is a Roman Catholic Marian shrine in Erin, Wisconsin, United States, dedicated to the Blessed Virgin Mary under the venerated title Help of Christians. The land and the shrine serves as a religious pilgrimage and attracts approximately 300,000 visitors each year.</p><br>
<p>Pope Benedict XVI raised the shrine to the status of Minor Basilica via Pontifical Decree on 11 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>The shrine is located atop a high kame in 400 acre of woods. Visitors can climb a 178-step observation tower to view the Milwaukee skyline, about 30 mi southeast. At approximately 1,350 ft above sea level, it is one of the highest points in southeastern Wisconsin.</p><br>
<p>Near Wisconsin&#39;s Ice Age Trail, it is about 4 mi east of Erin Hills, a championship golf course which hosted the USA Open in 2017.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tradition says that the hill was first discovered by Europeans in 1673 by Father Jacques Marquette with Louis Jolliet. However, modern historians view this tradition as untrue, though the Order of the Society of Jesus were likely the first Catholic priests to set foot on the hill.</p><br>
<p>The USA government owned the land until 1855, and the hill was known as "Government Hill" because surveying work was done there. Forty acres were purchased by Fr. Paulhuber of Salzburg, Austria.</p><br>
<p>The first white resident of the hill was a hermit named François Soubrio. Around 1862, an area farmer found him living on the hill. Soubrio had heard about the hill when he was working as an assistant to a retired professor in Quebec, Canada. He had found an old French diary and map dated 1676 showing a cone-shaped mountain in Wisconsin. The diary described how the author placed a stone altar, raised a cross, and dedicated the hill to Jesus&#39;s mother Mary. The diary account corresponds with Jesuit missionary work in the area between 1673 and 1679.</p><br>
<p>The name "Holy Hill" was first given to the place by Irish settlers in the area. A set of wooden crosses were placed for the Stations of the Cross in 1875. In the winter of 1879, Fr. Raess sent a proposal to Archbishop John Henni to construct a new shrine to Mary. Construction began that spring. Pilgrims began flocking to the shrine, and it was decided that a religious order should administer the shrine. A group of Discalced Carmelites came from Bavaria at the invitation of Archbishop Sebastian Messmer, and the Shrine of Mary was put under their care on June 26, 1906. The building now known as the Old Monastery Inn and Retreat Center was completed in 1920. The second shrine was removed in 1925 so that a third shrine could be built. The cornerstone of the third and present shrine was placed by Archbishop Messmer on August 22, 1926. The present church was completed and consecrated in 1931.</p><br>
<p>Another tradition describes a German priest who was recreant to his vows and came to America for penance. He found a reference to the hill in Marquette&#39;s diary and decided to take a pilgrimage. He became ill in Chicago, and was paralyzed. He reportedly found the hill, crawled to the summit on his hands, and was cured of his paralysis.</p><br>
<h2>Worship site</h2><br>
<p>The Basilica offers Catholic Masses daily. There are also daily religious services and Marian devotions.</p><br>
<p>The main church was built in 1930. At its entrance, It has two eight-foot-tall statues which were placed there in 1958. The statue on the left depicts St. Mary, Help of Christians; and the one on the right depicts Saint Joseph, protector of the Carmelites. The inside of the church features mosaics of Discalced Carmelite founders Saint Teresa of Ávila and Saint John of the Cross.</p><br>
<h2>Repairs</h2><br>
<p>The church underwent a $6.1-million renovation between 2002 and 2006. The renovations included extensive interior decorative painting, faux stone & mosaic by Conrad Schmitt Studios and exterior repairs, including a new slate roof for the monastery, main church and bell tower.</p><br>
<p>On June 6, 2006 (06/06/06), vandals spray-painted the church and several shrines with expletives and references to Satan and the Number of the Beast. It was later discovered the vandals were two teenage boys. The cost of removing the graffiti was in excess of $33,000.</p><br>
<p>On May 26, 2013, four new cast-bronze entry doors were dedicated by His Excellency, Archbishop Jerome E. Listecki. The doors were designed by architect Duncan G. Stroik and contain scenes sculpted by artist Cody Swanson. The scenes depict Saint Theresa of Ávila, The Annunciation with Gabriel the Archangel and Our Lady, and Saint John of the Cross.</p><br>
<h2>Milestones</h2><br>
<p>The shrine is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. On July 16, 2006, a Mass was held celebrating 100 years of Carmelite stewardship at the site. During that Mass it was announced that Pope Benedict XVI (the reigning pope at the time) had named Holy Hill a minor basilica.</p><br>
<p>Holy Hill was dedicated as a minor basilica by Archbishop Timothy Dolan on November 19, 2006. There are about 85 minor basilicas in the United States.</p><br>
<p>New York Cardinal Timothy Dolan drew a large crowd of Catholics and well-wishers to Holy Hill on April 28, 2012, for a special Mass of Thanksgiving, some arriving as early as 4:30 a.m. to ensure a spot in the historic Basilica of the National Shrine of Mary Help of Christians.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Fort Reno also known as Fort Connor or Old Fort Reno, was a wooden fort established on August 15, 1865 by the United States Army in Dakota Territory in present-day Johnson County, Wyoming. The fort was built to protect travelers on the Bozeman Trail from Native American tribes.</p><br>
<h2>Establishment</h2><br>
<p>One of the primary goals of the Powder River Expedition of 1865 was to construct a fort on the Powder River in Montana Territory or Dakota Territory. The expeditions left, or western column of about 650 men under the command of Colonel James H. Kidd of the 6th Michigan Cavalry, accompanied by the expeditions overall commander Brigadier General Patrick E. Connor, set out from Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory on August 1, 1865.</p><br>
<p>Army units with the column included Companies L, and M, of the 2nd California Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, four Companies of the 6th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Companies E, and K, of the 11th Ohio Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, Company F, of the 7th Iowa Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, a detachment of the United States Signal Corps, the Pawnee Scouts and a section of two Model 1841 Mountain Howitzers manned by 14 soldiers of the 2nd Missouri Volunteer Light Artillery Regiment.</p><br>
<p>On August 15, 1865, Colonel Kidd&#39;s column selected the site of the fort on a bluff above the Powder River near the crossing of the Bozeman Trail. Construction began the same day by the four companies of the 6th Michigan Cavalry that had recently been transferred from the Army of the Potomac in Virginia. The new post was named Fort Connor in honor of Brigadier General Patrick Edward Connor, the overall commander of the Powder River Expedition. That month, Fort Connor was the jumping-off point for the soldiers that fought at the Battle of the Tongue River on August 29, 1865 in present-day Sheridan County, Wyoming. The left, right, and center columns of the Powder River Expedition all finally rendezvoused at Fort Connor on September 25, 1865. Army units that arrived in September included companies from the 2nd Missouri Volunteer Light Artillery Regiment, 12th Missouri Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, 15th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, and the 16th Kansas Volunteer Cavalry Regiment, along with a second detachment of the USA Signal Corps. Most of these men marched south to Fort Laramie in October, 1865 to be mustered out of the army, leaving the four companies of Michigan cavalry under Colonel James H. Kidd to garrison the fort.</p><br>
<h2>Renaming</h2><br>
<p>The Bozeman Trail, built as a way around the Bighorn Mountains, crossed the Powder River at Fort Connor, offering emigrants traveling on it protection. Buildings constructed at Connor had sod-covered roofs and dirt floors. In October 1865, the 6th Michigan and Colonel Kidd turned the garrison of Fort Connor over to Captain George W. Williford, and Companies C, and D, of the 5th United States Volunteer Infantry Regiment, companies of the Galvanized Yankees, and a company of Indian scouts.</p><br>
<p>In November 1865, its name was changed to Fort Reno, in honor of Major General Jesse Lee Reno, who had been mortally wounded on September 14, 1862 at the Battle of South Mountain, Maryland, while commanding the Union IX Corps at Foxs Gap. The name had no connection with Major Marcus Reno, a member of the 7th Cavalry who fought in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. The garrison of the fort endured the harsh winter of 1865–1866, and during this time suffered 33 casualties from desertions, illnesses, one soldier killed by an accidental gunshot, and the death of its commanding officer, Captain George W. Williford, who died of illness on April 29, 1866. Captain George M. Bailey became Willifords successor.</p><br>
<h2>Reinforcement</h2><br>
<p>On June 28, 1866 Colonel Henry Beebe Carrington and about 700 men of the 18th USA Infantry reached Fort Reno, relieving the galvanized yankees. The 18th Infantry had moved into the Powder River country to begin construction of posts (Fort Phil Kearny and Fort C. F. Smith) on the Bozeman trail farther to the north. When Carrington reached the post, only 104 of the original 137 men of Companies C, and D, 5th USAV.I. remained, the rest having died mainly of illness and scurvy. Colonel Carrington left Companies B, E, and H of the 18th Infantry to garrison the post, and resumed his march north on the Bozeman trail on July 9, 1866, while the 5th USAV.I. traveled south to Fort Kearney, Nebraska to muster out on October 11, 1866, "without a single regret."</p><br>
<p>The newly arrived Regular Army soldiers of the 18th Infantry constructed a log stockade around the unprotected garrison buildings, complete with log bastions on the northwest and southeast corners. They also built a sturdy adobe commanding officer&#39;s quarters. In 1867, the post was renovated and expanded. The garrison ranged from 125 to a high of 300 soldiers. The second battalion of the 18th Infantry, which was renamed the 27th United States Infantry Regiment in 1867, endured the routines of garrison life and the harsh winters and hot summers, occasionally skirmishing with hostile Indians and keeping the southern end of the Bozeman Trail open and passable.</p><br>
<h2>Abandonment</h2><br>
<p>In 1868 the Fort Laramie Treaty ended Red Clouds War and essentially ceded the Powder River Country to the Lakota Sioux. Along with Forts C.F. Smith and Phil Kearny, Fort Reno was abandoned as a condition of the agreement. Shortly after the military left in August, the entire post was destroyed by fire ignited by Cheyenne warriors. During the Great Sioux War, Brigadier General George Crooks 883 men of the Big Horn Expedition returned to Fort Reno in March, 1876, finding only some adobe walls and building debris. Nevertheless, Crook used the site as a supply base for 15 days, leaving the expeditions wagons and Companies C, and I, of the 4th United States Infantry Regiment, under the overall command of Captain Edwin M. Coates. On March 5 Crooks command fought Indian warriors in the Fort Reno Skirmish directly across the river from the abandoned post. Later that year, the army would again use the site as a supply base, eventually establishing the Fort Reno Depot several miles to the south. In the 1880s, soldiers buried in the post cemetery were reinterred in the Custer Battlefield National Cemetery near Crow Agency, Montana.</p><br>
<h2>Garrison</h2><br>
<p>August&mdash;October 1865 - 6th Michigan Volunteer Cavalry (4 Companies): Colonel James H. Kidd</p><br>
<p>October 1865&mdash;April 1866 - 5th United States Volunteer Infantry (2 Companies): Captain George W. Williford; Company A, Omaha and Winnebago Scouts: Captain Edwin R. Nash</p><br>
<p>April&mdash;June 1866 - 5th United States Volunteer Infantry (2 Companies): Captain George M. Bailey</p><br>
<p>June&mdash;September 1866 - 18th United States Infantry (3 Companies): Captain Joseph L. Proctor</p><br>
<p>September 1866&mdash;August 1868 - 27th United States Infantry (3 Companies): Captain Joseph L. Proctor</p><br>
<p>March 1876 - 4th United States Infantry (2 Companies): Captain Edwin M. Coates</p><br>
<h2>Fort Reno today</h2><br>
<h2>Other Fort Renos</h2><br>
<p>Two other army posts were also named Fort Reno&mdash;one Fort Reno Park in the defenses of Washington D.C. during the Civil War, and another frontier outpost called Fort Reno, built in 1874 in what is now Oklahoma.</p><br>
<p>Cedar Creek and Belle Grove National Historical Park became the 388th unit of the United States National Park Service when it was authorized on December 19, 2002. The National Historical Park was created to protect several historically significant locations in the Shenandoah Valley of Northern Virginia, notably the site of the American Civil War Battle of Cedar Creek and the Belle Grove Plantation.</p><br>
<p>Although there are over 3,700 acres within the parks authorized boundary, over half of this is still privately owned. Much of the battlefield is not accessible to the public, but the park offers ranger-led and self-guided driving tours of the battlefield via public roads. Nearly all of the remaining land (approximately 1,500 acres) and buildings are preserved and administered by partner sites which predate the park. Since summer 2010, the park has offered interpretive ranger programs at key partner sites, including Cedar Creek Battlefield Foundation headquarters, Belle Grove Plantation, and Hupps Hill Civil War Park. The American Battlefield Trust and its federal, state and local partners have acquired and preserved 727 acres of the battlefield through November 2021, some of which has been acquired by the National Park Service and incorporated into the park.</p><br>
<p>In 2012, the park acquired land on which sits a monument to the 8th Vermont Infantry and now offers access through semi-regular programs at the site. In March 2013, the park opened a Visitor Contact Station in Middletown, Virginia, featuring interpretive exhibits and information on how visitors can experience the park.</p><br>
<p>The Cedar Creek Battlefield and Belle Grove is also a USA National Historic Landmark, and the 900 acre "Cedar Creek Battlefield and Belle Grove" is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The plantation house of Belle Grove (1797) is open to the public and operates independently as part of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.</p><br>
<p>The listed area is in Frederick County and Warren County.</p><br>
<p>The Reed Opera House and McCornack Block Addition, more commonly known as The Reed Opera House or The Reed, is a historic building in downtown Salem, Oregon, United States. Since its grand opening on September 27, 1870, the Reed Opera House has served as a performing arts center and shopping mall. The Italianate brick structure was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1978.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the Reed Opera House began in 1869 and was completed in 1870 with G. W. Rhodes as the architect. The opera house was built by Cyrus Adams Reed under a contract with the State of Oregon to provide space for the Oregon State Legislature, the Oregon Supreme Court, and the Oregon State Library. During construction, however, Oregon elected officials decided not to comply with the previous administration&#39;s contract. Since the building was already close to completion, Reed made some changes to the plan and had seven shops included on the ground floor, an opera house on the second and third floors, and a hotel in the unused space.</p><br>
<p>The Reed Opera House officially opened with the inaugural ball for Oregon Governor La Fayette Grover. It quickly became the center of Salems entertainment and social life, playing host to touring plays, opera companies, political meetings, and community events. A number of notable performers made appearances, including local celebrity Hallie Parrish Hinges, artist/political cartoonist Thomas Nast, Susan B. Anthony, Mark Twain, presidents Rutherford B. Hayes and Benjamin Harrison and John Philip Sousas band.</p><br>
<p>On April 20, 1900, the Reed Opera House theater officially closed. This was due to the nearby construction of the Grand Theater, which had more modern amenities and a ground floor entrance. Soon afterwards, Joseph Meyers and Sons, who leased the property from E.P. McCornack, and who had purchased Reeds interest in the building in 1885, converted the theater and the majority of the retail space into a department store. In 1902, McCornack added a two-story building to the Reed Opera House in order to house a furniture store. In 1920, both buildings were purchased and occupied by Millers Department Store.</p><br>
<h2>Recent history</h2><br>
<p>Miller&#39;s Department Store continued to occupy the buildings until 1976. At that time, the buildings were purchased by realtor Coburn Grabenhorst Sr. and architects Phil Settecase and Howard Smith. At the cost of USD $1,000,000, the buildings were updated to assume their present configuration.</p><br>
<p>The new layout of the Reed included a number of retail boutiques and restaurants on the lower level, first floor, mezzanine, and second floor. It prospered until a large mall was built nearby in the late 1980s. Because of ensuing financial difficulty, the deeds to the Reed Opera House and the McCornack addition were turned over to the bank that financed the redevelopment. In 1993, Bourne Properties purchased the deeds to the Reed Opera House.</p><br>
<p>Roger Yost, a former marketing vice president of Jantzen Apparel, purchased the Reed Opera House from Bourne Properties in 2003. Since he gained ownership, he has undertaken a remodeling project to expand the building, as well as to restore some of its original features. He has remodeled what is now known as the Trinity Ballroom and the kitchen for $50,000 and modernized the elevators for $175,000. He replicated the rooftop pediment, corona, and architectural brackets of the original building for $180,000, having won a $100,000 prize from a contest sponsored by Salem&#39;s Urban Renewal agency to assist with the restoration. In addition to remodeling, Yost added a number of vintage advertisements for his former employer, Jantzen Swimwear (as it was formerly known), throughout the public areas of the Reed.</p><br>
<p>Martin Van Buren National Historic Site is a unit of the United States National Park Service in Columbia County, New York, 1 mi south of the village of Kinderhook, 125 mi north of New York City and 20 mi south of Albany. The National Historic Site preserves the Lindenwald estate owned by Martin Van Buren, the eighth president of the United States. Van Buren purchased the 36-room mansion during his presidency in 1839, and it became his home and farm from his leaving office in 1841 until his death in 1862.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Van Buren, a founder of the Democratic Party, purchased the home and approximately 125 acre of land in 1839 for $14,000 (equal to $ today) while he was still president. However, Van Buren did not move into the home until 1841 (after he was defeated for his second term by the Whig candidate William Henry Harrison in 1840). Eventually, his four living sons, Abraham, John, Martin Jr., and Smith, had rooms in the mansion. The home was previously owned by the Van Ness family and was where Washington Irving wrote most of his books A History of New York and Sketch Book. Irving and Van Buren later became friends.</p><br>
<p>Van Buren ran two United States presidential campaigns from Lindenwald. In 1844, he based his ultimately unsuccessful run for the Democratic nomination at the estate. That year, Van Buren lost a hotly contested fight to nominee and eventual President James Knox Polk. In 1848, in opposition to the extension of slavery into territories captured from Mexico as a result of the Mexican–American War, Van Buren ran for president on a third-party ticket (The Free Soil Party), again directing his campaign from Lindenwald. Van Buren&#39;s campaign drew enough votes away from the Democratic nominee, Lewis Cass, to allow Whig candidate Zachary Taylor to prevail.</p><br>
<p>Van Buren named the estate Lindenwald, which is German for "linden forest", after the American Linden (American Basswood or Tilia americana) trees lining the Albany-to-New York Post Road, which is still located in front of the home. The section of the road on the property remains unimproved to this day. Some replanted Linden trees also remain by the side of the road.</p><br>
<p>Van Buren died at Lindenwald on July 24, 1862. He was 79.</p><br>
<h2>Recognition</h2><br>
<p>Lindenwald was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961.</p><br>
<p>The Martin Van Buren National Historic Site was established on October 26, 1974, and today, Lindenwald is under the care of the National Park Service.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>The site is located on New York State Route 9H, about 2 mi south of Van Burens hometown of Kinderhook, New York. It includes a visitor center operated by the National Park Service. Access to the Lindenwald mansion is by ranger-guided tour only. The tower cannot be visited due to fire safety codes. The grounds contain educational signs which tell of the history of the estate. During Van Burens lifetime, the site also contained two gatehouses, a north one and a south one. The north gatehouse was demolished in the 1950s, but today the site is outlined with a stone foundation.</p><br>
<p>The Allentown district is a neighborhood in Buffalo, New York. The neighborhood is home to the Allentown Historic District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Allentown is named after Lewis F. Allen (1800–1890) who came to Buffalo in April 1827 to serve as Corporate Secretary and financial manager of an insurance company. Allen was also a farmer and when looking for space to let his cattle graze, purportedly his neighbor, Thomas Day, suggested some of his land, which sat between the cities of Buffalo and Black Rock. Allen&#39;s cattle path became known as Allen Street. Notably, Allen was one of the founders of the Buffalo Historical Society and Forest Lawn Cemetery, where he is buried. Allen was married to Margaret Cleveland Allen, who was the paternal aunt of future president Grover Cleveland. Allen introduced him to many influential people, including the partners in the law firm of Rogers, Bowen, and Rogers, where Cleveland later took a clerkship, which in turn led him to practice law and enter into politics.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Allentown is the first neighborhood north of the Downtown Buffalo core. It borders the downtown theater and entertainment district to its south, and runs north to North Street at its northern edge, Normal Avenue on the west, and Main street on the east. The neighborhood is generally centered on Allen Street and Elmwood Avenue.</p><br>
<p>Allentown is known for its community of artists, for its embrace of bohemian, hipster and gay culture, and for the civic commitment of residents to the historic and aesthetic sensibilities of the neighborhood. Allentown is one of Buffalo&#39;s premier areas for nightlife, dining, and antique shopping.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Allentown Historic District is a historic district that was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1980, and expanded in 2012. It includes the Kleinhans Music Hall which is separately listed on the NRHP and is further designated as a National Historic Landmark. Also listed on the NRHP is the Birge-Horton House on Delaware Avenue.</p><br>
<p>The original 1980 boundaries include approximately 733 buildings, not including secondary structures. Of these, 6 are Gothic Revival, 125 Italianate, 24 Second Empire, 92 Shingle style, 106 Queen Anne, 15 Stick, 5 Shingle, 56 Colonial and 196 are plain framed buildings.</p><br>
<p>Three park areas are included in the area, two redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted and one circle, Symphony Circle, designed by him as part of his master plan for the citys park areas. After he completed the master plan, Olmsted returned to redesign and landscape Days Park (named after Allens neighbor Thomas Day who donated his land to the City of Buffalo) and Arlington Park; two existing city parks. In Days Park he added a circular walkway in front of the school so the students would not trample the grass. The circular sandstone planting area that was in the center of the walkway is still in existence. Arlington Park was home to Frank Lloyd Wright while he worked in Buffalo.</p><br>
<p>The new boundaries added about 320 properties to the list.</p><br>
<h2>Notable places</h2><br>
<p>Allendale Theater - home of the Theater of Youth</p><br>
<p>Arlington Park - redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted; home to Frank Lloyd Wright while he worked in Buffalo</p><br>
<p>Butler Mansion - currently UB&#39;s Jacobs Executive Development Center</p><br>
<p>Day&#39;s Park - redesigned by Frederick Law Olmsted</p><br>
<p>Kleinhans Music Hall - home to the Buffalo Philharmonic Orchestra</p><br>
<p>Symphony Circle - Part of the extensive parks and parkways system designed for Buffalo by Frederick Law Olmsted</p><br>
<p>Wilcox Mansion - Theodore Roosevelt Inaugural Site</p><br>
<p>The Nickel City Housing Cooperative, Buffalos first single-family housing cooperative, located in Edward Brodhead Greens historic Granger Mansion.</p><br>
<p>Trinity Episcopal Church- Noted for its stained glass architecture.</p><br>
<h2>Allentown Art Festival</h2><br>
<p>The Allentown Art Festival, originally known as the Buffalo Art Festival, is an event started by Jason Natowitz in 1958, beginning as a small town meeting to stimulate business in the neighborhood. The meeting triggered the foundation of the Allentown Village Society, and, by August, plans were in the works for an outdoor art show in the town, which occurred the following month in September 1958. With only 50 artists, the event quickly became very successful. Louis Cherenzia, another one of the founders, noted "It was rated as the most colorful cultural event in Buffalo since the Pan-American Exposition." Following the event, the town recognized its success, and announced plans for a second annual.</p><br>
<p>"The Buffalo Art Festival" quickly came to be identified with its more precise location, Allentown, and eventually its name became "Allentown Art Festival".</p><br>
<p>The Allentown Art Festival has grown since its beginnings 50 years ago. Support of the Allentown Village Society, Inc. and its number of volunteers has essentially stayed the same. According to the official website, "Their labors have borne fruit beyond the annual Allentown Art Festival weekend and beyond the boundaries of the Allentown neighborhood of Buffalo."</p><br>
<p>The Frankford Avenue Bridge, also known as the Pennypack Creek Bridge, the Pennypack Bridge, the Holmesburg Bridge, and the King&#39;s Highway Bridge, erected in 1697 in the Holmesburg section of Northeast Philadelphia, in the USA state of Pennsylvania, is the oldest surviving roadway bridge in the United States. The three-span, 73 ft twin stone arch bridge carries Frankford Avenue , just north of Solly Avenue, over Pennypack Creek in Pennypack Park.</p><br>
<p>The bridge was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1970. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The bridge, built at the request of William Penn to connect his mansion with the new city of Philadelphia, was an important link on the Kings Highway that linked Philadelphia with cities to the north (Trenton, New York, and Boston). On March 10, 1683, the Pennsylvania General Assembly passed a law requiring the building of bridges across all of the rivers and creeks along all of the Kings Highway in Pennsylvania, from the Falls of the Delaware (at Trenton, N.J.) to the southernmost ports of Sussex County (now part of the state of Delaware). The bridges, which were to be completed within 18 months, were to be ten feet wide and include railings along each side. The areas on either side of the bridges were to be cleared to facilitate horse and cart traffic. Each bridge was to be built by male inhabitants of the surrounding area; those who failed to appear were to be fined 20 shillings.</p><br>
<p>In 1970, the bridge earned an award by the American Society of Civil Engineers, Philadelphia Section, as an outstanding engineering achievement and a historic civil engineering landmark. A bronze plaque was placed on the western parapet in commemoration.</p><br>
<h2>Notable travelers</h2><br>
<p>Anyone who traveled to Philadelphia by horseback or coach from the northern colonies crossed over the bridge, including delegates to the First or Second Continental Congresses, such as John Adams, from Massachusetts. In 1789, George Washington crossed the bridge on his way to his first presidential inauguration in New York.</p><br>
<h2>Improvements</h2><br>
<p>In 1803, the bridge was paved with macadam, and at its south end a toll booth was erected, remaining in operation until 1892 when the turnpike was purchased by the city of Philadelphia. The bridge was widened in 1893 to accommodate streetcars, which commenced service in 1895, and again in 1950 to better accommodate automobile traffic. It remains in use today. The bridge was reconstructed during 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Transportation</h2><br>
<p>SEPTA&#39;s trackless trolley route 66, which was formerly a streetcar, crosses the bridge on its journey from Frankford Transportation Center to Torresdale.</p><br>
<h2>Honors</h2><br>
<p>The bridge was designated a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers in 1970. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1988.</p><br>
<p>Lookout Studio, known also as The Lookout, is a stone building located on the South Rim of the Grand Canyon, within Grand Canyon National Park in Arizona. It is part of the Grand Canyon Village Historic District, and is part of the Mary Jane Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark. It currently operates as a gift shop and observation station for visitors, with telescopes on its outdoor terrace. Lookout Studio was constructed by the Santa Fe Railway in 1914 and was established as a photography studio to compete with Kolb Studio. It is one of six buildings at the Grand Canyon that were designed by architect Mary Colter, along with Bright Angel Lodge, Hermit&#39;s Rest, Hopi House, Phantom Ranch, and Desert View Watchtower. Lookout Studio employs her signature rustic style of using jagged native rocks to imitate indigenous structures of the region and to blend in with the environment.</p><br>
<p>The rubble stone building is at the edge of the canyon. The walls rise to an irregular parapet which incorporates the building&#39;s chimneys. Before a roof replacement the roof carried a pile of stones designed to look like they had fallen into ruin. The lookout is on three levels, with a main level housing a shop and enclosed viewing area, a lower viewing platform and a small enclosed observation tower. The wood viga roof structure remains visible, although the structure has undergone other renovations. The lookout is unusually brightly lighted for a Colter building, since its interior receives a great deal of light through its banks of large windows.</p><br>
<h2>Historic designation</h2><br>
<p>Lookout Studio is a component of the multi-site Mary Jane Colter Buildings National Historic Landmark, It was incorporated into the National Historic Landmark group on May 28, 1987.</p><br>
<p>St. Florian Church is a Roman Catholic Church at 2626 Poland Street in Hamtramck, Michigan. The church was designed by Ralph Adams Cram of the firm Cram and Ferguson.</p><br>
<h2>Parish</h2><br>
<p>St. Florian&#39;s parish consists of predominantly Polish members whose families were immigrants from Poland and settled in Hamtramck after Dodge opened an automobile factory in 1910. Clergy are of the Society of Christ.</p><br>
<p>By 1907, Ford, Dodge, and Packard plants were employing many Polish immigrants who settled in Hamtramck Township or in contiguous neighborhoods on what was then the northern edge of the city of Detroit. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit recognized the need for a church to serve Polish residents, and established the parish named for St. Florian, patron of Poland, in 1907. Services were initially held in a storefront.</p><br>
<p>The influx of Polish immigrants created a need for churches. The first Polish Catholic Church in Detroit was St. Albertus (1872), followed by St. Florian (1907) in Hamtramck St. Casimir (1882); St. Francis of Assisi (1889); St. Josaphat (1889); St. Stanislaus (1890s); St. John Cantius (1902); St. Hedwig&#39;s (1903); and St. Hyacinth (1905).</p><br>
<p>Ground was broken for a church building in March 1908. The cornerstone was laid on July 12, 1908, and the dedication was held on January 10, 1909. As the congregation grew the original building quickly became inadequate. Parishioners amassed $500,000 (in pre-Depression funds) to build a larger sanctuary.</p><br>
<h2>The present church</h2><br>
<p>Cram, who is best known for popularizing Gothic architecture in the United States, was chosen to design the building. He created a magnificent modified English Gothic structure that won an award from American Architect magazine in 1929.</p><br>
<p>Cram used modern construction techniques that included building on a steel frame and using bricks on the exterior.</p><br>
<p>Construction on the present edifice began in January 1926 and the church was dedicated on October 21, 1928. Nearly 5,000 people turned out for the dedication of the building. The cornerstone is in both Latin and Polish.</p><br>
<p>In both its opulence and scale, it is a monumentally grand Polish Cathedral style building. The churchs spire rises nearly 200 ft above the street and was designed to stand in stark contrast to the smokestacks of Hamtramcks industrial environment. The church is taller than the Cathedral of the Most Blessed Sacrament which houses the seat of the Detroit archdiocese. It seats 1,200 and the altar was made in Italy.</p><br>
<p>The award-winning opulence of St. Florian&#39;s is a reminder of the "humble structure" that preceded it; the prosperity and generosity of parishioners made possible construction of "one of the most attractive churches in the metropolis." The front facade has a "broad Gothic Arch flanked by twin spires notable for the impression they give of lightness and delicateness." Exceptional brickwork is arrayed in a varied horizontal bands.</p><br>
<p>The interior consists of the nave of six bays topped by a rib vault. The vault is blue with vines painted at the groins. The main aisle is flanked by two smaller aisles. At the Clerestory level of each bay is a small rose window and on the sides are large stained glass windows. "The stained glass work is striking and fitting". The altar windows depict five Polish saints — Casimir, Florian, Hedwig, Hyacinth and Stanislaus. The nave windows illustrate the joyful and glorious mysteries of the rosary, and other vignettes from the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.</p><br>
<p>The 1928 Austin electric Pipe organ Opus No. 1526 (3 manuals and 26 ranks) was renovated and rededicated April 13, 2008.</p><br>
<p>Pastor Fr. Thomasz Sielicki noted that St. Florian had as many as seven priests and 3,000 students in the school during its heyday and that it kept many parishioners for their whole lives. "Many received all their sacraments from here," he said. "People are really very strongly connected to their church." The church currently has about 600 parishioners.</p><br>
<p>In December 2011, a committee of the Archdiocese of Detroit released its recommendations concerning maintenance and closing of various parishes. It made three contingent recommendations about St. Florian&#39;s:</p><br>
<p>1. By June, 2012, submission to the LDP Committee and Finance Council of a repayment plan for the $1,850,000.00 owed to the Archdiocese</p><br>
<p>2. Commitment by the Society of Christ Religious Order commit to continuing to pastor St. Florian, then it would "become a cluster partner of Our Lady of Czestochowa in Sterling Heights. The parishes share the same order of priests, and same mission.&quot</p><br>
<p>3. Alternatively, if the Society of Christ Religious Order leaves the parish then (a) it could become mission church for the Polish immigrants in the city of Hamtramck; (b) the parish would be sold to pay off the debt; or (c) if the parish is debt free, its fate would be subject to further discussion.</p><br>
<h2>Noteworthy events</h2><br>
<p>In 1969, the cardinal archbishop of Kraków, Karol Wojtyła, who later became Pope John Paul II, celebrated Mass at St. Florian.</p><br>
<p>The church also served as a backdrop for some scenes in the Theresa Connelly film Polish Wedding.</p><br>
<p>Detroit City councilman (and former Mayor) Kenneth Cockrel is a graduate of St. Florian High School, which is now closed.</p><br>
<p>Consistent with being named for St. Florian &ndash; the patron saint of firefighters who is credited with saving Kraków from fire This event is held in conjunction with the St. Florian Strawberry festival.</p><br>
<p>In 2008, a Mass was celebrated on the Feast of Christ the King to a standing-room-only crowd, Cardinal Adam Maida was the lead celebrant. His English homily was followed by one in Polish by Fr. Tomasz Sielicki, S.Chr., Fr. Mirosław Frankowskis predecessor and now the orders general superior.</p><br>
<p>Cardinal Maida called the day a "historic and joyful occasion". He also called attention to the Felician Sisters, who opened the parish&#39;s elementary school 99 years ago and its high school in 1940. Additionally, he recognized the parishioners and lay organizations and "self-sacrificing lay faithful who have given of their time, their talent, and their treasure to maintain this great parish over the decades." The Cardinal also spoke about the visit of Pope John Paul II to Hamtramck in 1987.</p><br>
<p>At a Mass on November 23. 2009, the church celebrated its centenary.</p><br>
<p>In conjunction with the celebration, a Michigan Historical marker was erected. Fr. Sielicki said its important to recognize the parishs history especially since it will start celebrating its 100-year anniversary this Christmas. "We see in it recognition of our spiritual, cultural and social contribution of this parish to the life of Metro Detroit," he said. "It is for ourselves a reminder to do the same in the future." He added, "I think it will make our church even better known in the area."</p><br>
<p>The historical marker, Registered Site L2189, was erected in 2007 at Florian Street between Brombach and Latham Streets, in Hamtramck, Wayne County, Michigan. The text indicates:</p><br>
<p>Saint Florian Church</p><br>
<p>Saint Florian Parish was founded in 1907 to serve the Detroit areas rapidly expanding Polish Catholic community. By the 1920s Saint Florian was the second largest Catholic parish in Detroit, and it required a larger church. The Reverend John Bonkowski hired Boston architect Ralph Adams Cram to design this building, inspired by the Gothic churches of the Middle Ages. The churchs medieval style contrasted with the modern industrial community. Nowakowski and Sons of Hamtramck built the church, and the J.M. Kase & Company made the stained glass in its New York Studio. The working-class parishioners sacrificed to build the church. In 1929 American Architect magazine named it the best new church in America.</p><br>
<p>The obverse of the marker states:</p><br>
<p>Saint Florian Historic District</p><br>
<p>The Saint Florian Historic District is roughly bounded by Holbrook, Joseph Campau Ave., Yemans, and Dequindre Streets. Incorporated as a village in 1901, Hamtramck experienced rapid growth when Eastern European immigrants came to work at nearby Dodge, Ford and Packard automotive plants. The villages population boomed from 3,559 in 1910 to 48,615 in 1920. In the shadow of the magnificent Saint Florian Church, modest houses occupy thirty-foot-wide lots. Platted in 1909 as Whitneys subdivision, the densely developed neighborhood was built in anticipation of an influx of workers to the Dodge Main factory that opened less than one mile from here in 1910. The district reflects the tightly knit Polish community that first lived here.</p><br>
<p>The Silcox Hut is a small rustic mid-mountain lodge located at 6,950 ft elevation on Mount Hood, Oregon, United States. It is approximately 1,000 ft vertical above Timberline Lodge and roughly one mile distance directly up the mountain.</p><br>
<p>Silcox Hut was built by the WPA and finished in 1939. It was named after Ferdinand Silcox, the fifth Chief of the Forest Service, 1933–1939.</p><br>
<p>The hut was the upper terminal of the original Magic Mile chairlift and housed the lift&#39;s upper bullwheel in what is now the guest sleeping quarters. It was also intended as a warming hut and starting point for climbers. After the chairlift was relocated in 1962, it was abandoned and became derelict due to vandalism and fierce mountain weather.</p><br>
<p>In 1966, the Portland State University Outdoor Program leased the Hut. The students of the Program made a few improvements to the hut including repairs to the fireplace hearth and new window shutters. Program Alumni consider this lease the first action taken to save Silcox Hut. There was discussion between the US Forest Service and Timberline Lodge to burn down the hut because of its condition. Even though the Program enjoyed access to the mountain provided by Silcox Hut, they could not counter the seemingly constant vandalism and had to relinquish the lease.</p><br>
<p>Silcox Hut was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.</p><br>
<p>In the same year, the Friends of Silcox Hut was created as a non-profit organization.</p><br>
<p>The initial restoration proposal was made by climbing enthusiasts and guides, and it was their intention to operate the facility.</p><br>
<p>Over the course of the late 1980s and early 1990s, The Friends of Silcox Hut renovated and reopened Silcox to the public in 1993. Although they intended it partially as an overnight hostel and restaurant for climbers, it is now rented out to groups of up to 24 for overnight lodging and hearty meals by RLK, the operators of Timberline Lodge. It is available for group day use such as weddings and anniversaries.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Silcox received several awards for its restoration, including the People&#39;s Choice Award and the Craftsmanship Award from the Portland AIA Awards Program in 1993.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Silcox Hut carries on as a non-profit maintenance and special projects group to protect the integrity of the restoration. Its board is entirely made up of architects and craftsmen and others deeply involved in the original restoration. Lifetime and annual memberships are available with all proceeds supporting restoration efforts.</p><br>
<p>Recent special projects included a snow tunnel for the south entrance engineered to withstand 25 feet of compacted snow.</p><br>
<h2>Climate</h2><br>
<p>Hilton Village is a planned English-village-style neighborhood in Newport News, Virginia. Recognized as a pioneering development in urban planning, it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The neighborhood was built between 1918 and 1921 in response to the need for housing during World War I for employees of Newport News Shipbuilding & Drydock Company. It is recognized as the United States&#39; first Federal war-housing project.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Founding</h3><br>
<p>The planned community was jointly sponsored by the USA Shipping Board and the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. It was built on the site of J. Pembroke Jones&#39; farm "Hilton."</p><br>
<p>Hilton Village was opened July 7, 1918. The street names in the 100 acre tract of former pine woods honor government and shipyard officials. The 500 English village-type houses were sold to private owners after the war.</p><br>
<h3>Impetus for creation</h3><br>
<p>In 1917, during World War I, the war effort was in full swing. Newport News Shipbuilding had many contracts to build naval ships and was hiring thousands of employees. Shipyard workers were being housed in overcrowded and/or temporary quarters. The emerging community of Newport News faced a severe housing shortage. This led to the construction of Hilton Village. The housing shortage was so severe that Newport News Shipbuilding president Homer L. Ferguson traveled to Washington to emphasize to Congress the impact of lack of housing on ship construction and thus the war effort. Immediately after his appearance, the United States Shipping Board was provided funding of $1.2 million and authorization to create a comprehensive emergency housing program. Hilton Village was the first project of the emergency housing program.</p><br>
<h3>Planning</h3><br>
<p>About three miles (5 km) north of the Newport News city limits, in Warwick County, Virginia, land known locally as the "Darling Tract" was purchased. This consisted of about 200 acre of woodlands and, located on a bluff overlooking the James River, the pre-Civil War homestead was named "Hilton". The planning for Hilton Village was conducted using a team approach, highly innovative for the time. Initially landscape architect Henry Vincent Hubbard was hired as town planner, Joseph D. Leland, III as architect and Francis H. Bulot as sanitary engineer. Leland was unable to finish the assignment because of other obligations, and Francis Y. Joannes was hired as the architect to work on the Project. The planners met with the wives of shipyard workers. Based on their input, 14 house plans were designed for the projected 500 English-village-style homes.</p><br>
<p>The location of the neighborhood was several miles away from the urbanized areas of Newport News. Trolley car tracks were run from the city to Hilton Village to allow workers to commute to work at Newport News Shipbuilding and residents access to city services and shopping. The village-style neighborhood was planned so as to offer many services locally. Plots for four churches, a library, a fire house, commercial spaces, and a school, Hilton Elementary School, were provided for in the plan. The houses and services were grouped together in close proximity to allow for easy walking distances. For recreational purposes, the Hilton Pier and ravine, containing a small park, beach and fishing pier, on the banks of the James River were included in the plan directly behind Hilton Elementary.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture</h3><br>
<p>Hilton was modeled after an early-English village, a decision which was probably influenced by the British Garden city movement in vogue at the time. The major architectural themes of the houses where Jacobethan, Dutch Colonial Revival, Tudor Revival, and Colonial Revival. The houses range from one-and-a-half to two-and-a-half stories, with fourteen major variations of house style. The house types were scattered at random throughout the neighborhood, so that there is no tract house feeling to the neighborhood. Further variations on the fourteen styles was achieved by sheathing variously in stucco, shingles, or clapboards. All of the houses are wood-frame construction with steeply pitched slate roofs. Roofing styles are varied as well and include gambrel, hipped, clipped gambrel, gable, and clipped gable.</p><br>
<h3>Construction</h3><br>
<p>Clearing the wooded site began on April 18, 1918. By the time of the Armistice in November 1918, almost 200 homes had either been completed or were substantially complete and more than a dozen families lived in Hilton Village. Hilton&#39;s formal dedication was held on July 7, 1918. The Hilton Elementary School was completed in 1919. Scaled back to 473 homes after the end of World War I, by the end of 1920 all the homes had been completed and were occupied.</p><br>
<h3>Costs</h3><br>
<p>The cost estimate for site development and building each house was $3,200.</p><br>
<h3>Post-War to Present</h3><br>
<p>In 1921, Hilton Village was purchased from the United States Shipping Board by Henry E. Huntington, chairman of the board at Newport News Shipbuilding. He formed the Newport News Land Company, which ran Hilton as an adjunct of the company. In 1922, many of the houses were put up for private sale, and Hilton Village gradually became a community of homeowners.</p><br>
<h3>Streets named after shipyard and government officials</h3><br>
<p>Of the currently laid out streets in Hilton Village, Hopkins Street, Ferguson Avenue and Post Street are named after three of the earlier past Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company Presidents:</p><br>
<p>Walter A. Post - Mar. 9, 1911 to Feb. 12, 1912, earlier, a builder of the C&O Railway&#39;s terminals and first mayor of Newport News</p><br>
<p>Albert L. Hopkins - Mar. 14, 1914 to May 7, 1915, the young New Yorker who was traveling to England on the on shipyard business when he died after the ship was torpedoed and sunk by a German U-boat</p><br>
<p>Homer L. Ferguson - Jul. 22, 1915 to Jul. 31, 1946 A manager when Hopkins died, Ferguson, who assumed the presidency when Hopkins was killed, saw the company through both world wars, became a noted community leader, and was a co-founder of the Mariners&#39; Museum with Archer M. Huntington, stepson of shipyard founder Collis P. Huntington.</p><br>
<h3>Listing on National Register of Historic Places</h3><br>
<p>To build the new village, the USA Shipping Board hired one of the finest urban planners of the era, Henry Vincent Hubbard of Harvard University. Recognized as a pioneering development in the area of urban planning, Hilton Village was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1969.</p><br>
<h3>Historic Marker</h3><br>
<p>The text of the historical marker that appears on Warwick Boulevard in Hilton Village reads as follows:</p><br>
<h2>Notable residents</h2><br>
<p>William Styron, noted author</p><br>
<p>J. J. Lankes, illustrator, woodcut artist and college professor</p><br>
<p>Gary Hudson, actor</p><br>
<h2>Footnotes</h2><br>
<p>The Swiss Avenue Historic District is a residential neighborhood in East Dallas, Dallas, Texas . It consists of installations of the Munger Place addition, one of East Dallas early subdivisions. The Swiss Avenue Historic District is a historic district of the city of Dallas, Texas. The boundaries of the district comprise both sides of Swiss Avenue from Fitzhugh Street, to just north of La Vista, and includes portions of Bryan Parkway. The District includes the 6100-6200 blocks of La Vista Drive, the west side of the 5500 block of Bryan Parkway the 6100-6300 blocks of Bryan Parkway, the east side of the 5200-5300 block of Live Oak Street, and the 4900-6100 blocks of Swiss Avenue. The entire street of Swiss Avenue is not included within the bounds of the Swiss Avenue Historic District. Portions of the street run through Dallas Peaks Suburban Addition neighborhood and Peak&#39;s Suburban Addition Historic District.</p><br>
<p>5215 Swiss was built in 1914 and was the home of J. P. Cranfield</p><br>
<h2>Early development</h2><br>
<p>Swiss Avenue, at least the portions contained within the Swiss Avenue Historic District, was initially developed by Robert S. Munger, a Dallas cotton gin manufacturer and pioneering real estate developer, as part of a larger development, Munger Place, which was billed as the first deed-restricted community in Texas. Munger had retired from the management of his ginning companies and started working in real estate with his son Collett (for whom Dallas Collett Avenue is named) in 1902. The subdivision was also one of the first in Dallas to ensure that the front views of homes wouldnt be blocked by utility poles; all utilities were installed through the rear of the lots via alleys. The lots in the Swiss Avenue section of Munger Place were larger than those in other areas of Munger Place, such as on Junius Street, Gaston Avenue, or portions of Worth Street that continue through Munger Place. In order to set off the development from others, Munger had gates erected at the entrances to Gaston Avenue, Swiss Avenue, and Junius Street, major thoroughfares in the development.</p><br>
<p>The original plat for Munger Place from 1907 showed twenty blocks of Swiss Avenue, Gaston Avenue, Junius Street, Worth Street, and Crutcher Street between Fitzhugh Avenue and Munger Boulevard platted; growth, however, was rapid and lots sold well, and Munger extended the development in 1910 to include the south side of Live Oak Street from Fitzhugh Avenue to Dumas Street and both sides of Swiss Avenue to Parkmont Street.</p><br>
<p>Seventy-foot lots on Swiss Avenue were being sold for $3,500 in August 1908; by comparison, lots on Junius Street that were 60-foot lots were selling for $2,400 at the same time. In 1978, shortly after the historic district was formed, 5744 Swiss Avenue was marketed for $275,000. Today, homes within the Swiss Avenue Historic District in good or well-remodeled condition routinely sell for over $1 million. Initially, Munger had set aside land for a private drive on the north side of Swiss Avenue, and a part to divide it from the public street on the south. The north side of the street was initially owned by residents, and both sides were intended for their private use. Today, the street and parkway is owned and maintained by the city of Dallas. Like most homes on Swiss Avenue, the community was deed restricted to white buyers only. An early deed to a lot on Swiss Avenue shows also that the front of residences were required to be set back not less than 60 feet nor more than 70 feet from the front line of the lot (the "setback"). Houses or quarters for renting were not allowed, but servants quarters or stables for the use of the homes residents were allowed.</p><br>
<p>A trolley initially served the neighborhood, running through what is now the alley between Swiss and Gaston Avenues.</p><br>
<p>Dr. R. W. Baird is credited as being the first to build on Swiss Avenue in 1905 at 5303 Swiss. He constructed a Classical Revival mansion. In 1910 the surge of building along Swiss Avenue began and, of the approximately 200 homes on the street, the majority of them were constructed during the 1910s and the 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Swiss Avenue was originally named in 1857, well before serious development, by a Dallas resident from Switzerland. It started out as Swiss Boulevard. It was known as White Rock Road shortly after the Civil War when William H. Gaston purchased 400 acres along the road.</p><br>
<h2>Deed restrictions drive development</h2><br>
<p>The deed restrictions Munger put in place required homes to be a least two stories in height, and constructed on the exterior of brick or masonry. Homes were not permitted to face side streets, and each home had to cost at least $10,000 to build. In other parts of Munger Place, the same $10,000 cost to build applied, but other portions of Munger Place, such as homes on Junius and Worth Streets running through Munger Place, were allowed to be made of wood-sided exteriors.</p><br>
<p>As a result, very grand homes were built on Swiss Avenue. Architects and builders engaged by prominent Dallasites to build homes on the street included Bertram Hill, Lang & Witchell, Charles Bulger, Hal Thomson, Marion Foshee, C.P. Stiles, Marshall Barnett, W.H. Reeves, Dines & Kraft, and others. Swiss Avenue also boasts being the first paved street in the city of Dallas.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage designations</h2><br>
<p>The entire district, Swiss Avenue between Fitzhugh and La Vista, was listed as a historic district on the National Register of Historic Places on March 28, 1974, and is a Dallas Landmark Historic District, the city&#39;s first, established in 1973. One home within the district is listed individually on the National Register while several more are designated as Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks.</p><br>
<p>The Historic Preservation League of Dallas (a forerunner of the non-profit organization Preservation Dallas), with the help of the Dallas Department of Urban Planning, performed the original research for the designations.</p><br>
<p>According to the National Trust for Historic Preservations study on the districts founding, getting the historic district ordinance passed was just one of many serious problems facing those seeking to preserve Swiss Avenue. Newspapers referred to the group as, "an unnamed group of interested citizens," which the Trust reports numbered only nine people. Two architects, an audiovisual expert, a freelance writer and journalist, a banker, contractor, and two lawyers were part of the initial group. Many absentee landlords of the Swiss Avenue homes felt that the value of the structures was only in the land, much of which was re-zoned for high-rise apartments.</p><br>
<p>Once the boundaries of the district and an ordinance covering the historic district were prepared by city staff, the Dallas Historic Landmark Preservation Committee (now the Dallas Landmark Commission), the Dallas City Plan Commission, and the Dallas City Council had to approve the plans and ordinance. The Trust claims that the City Plan department staff actually initiated the idea of the historic district.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles</h2><br>
<p>At least 16 architectural styles are visible on Swiss Avenue. These include: Mediterranean, Spanish, Georgian, Prairie, Craftsman, Queen Anne, Jacobethan (English), Neoclassical, Italian Renaissance, Tudor and Colonial Revival.</p><br>
<p>Frank Lloyd Wright&#39;s influence is visible is seen in the R. W. Higginbotham House at 5002 Swiss built in 1913. It was designed Lang and Witchell.</p><br>
<h2>Homes with individual historic designations</h2><br>
<p>These homes within the district are designated individually on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) or as Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks (RTHL).</p><br>
<p>Aldredge House (RTHL #6586, 1982), 5500 Swiss Ave.—William Newberry Lewis had this residence constructed beginning in 1915. Hal Thompson and Marion Foshee, architects, were responsible for the home&#39;s design, which includes features of English Georgian and French Renaissance styling. A Dallas banker, George N. Aldredge, purchased the home in 1921.</p><br>
<p>Cristler-Rodgers House (RTHL #6660, 1989), 5750 Swiss Ave.—This home was built in 1923 by Dr. J.H. Cristler. Cristler came to Dallas in 1911 after helping in the organization of Childress County, Texas. Starting in 1938, his daughter Edna and her husband, J. Woodall Rodgers, occupied the home from 1938. J. Woodall Rodgers was Mayor of Dallas from 1939 to 1947.</p><br>
<p>George C. Greer House (NRHP #96001563, 1997), 5439 Swiss Ave.—Designed by architect Marion Fresenius Fooshee, the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on January 9, 1997.</p><br>
<p>Harris-Savage Home (RTHL #17586, 2013), 5703 Swiss Ave.—Constructed in 1917 for P.A. Ritter, later occupants of the home included William A. Turner, a Texas oil field pioneer, and W.R. Harris, who was a prosecutor during the impeachment of Texas Governor James Ferguson by the Texas Legislature, and Wallace Savage, a former mayor of Dallas.</p><br>
<p>Robert and Marie Stubbs House (RTHL #12611, 2001), 6243 La Vista Dr.—This home was completed in 1926, and may have been designed by Dallas architect Otto H. Lang. The home was constructed by Robert Campbell Stubbs, who moved to Dallas in 1887 and started a paving business with his father. R.C. Stubbs&#39; died a year after the home was completed and his wife, the former Marie M. Henke, lived there until 1940. The home was converted to apartments but converted back to single-family use in the 1970.</p><br>
<p>The Louis Wagner Home (RHTL #6910, 1979), 5320 Live Oak St.—This house was built in 1884 by German immigrant and Dallas businessman Louis Wagner with his wife Anna, the daughter of early Swiss Avenue settler Jacob Pretz. The house was originally located at 2917 Bryan St. but was relocated to the district in 1977 to avoid demolition.</p><br>
<h2>Other significant and compatible homes</h2><br>
<p>The street has been home to many prominent residents of Dallas over the years. The home at 5803 Swiss Avenue was home to Carrie Marcus Neiman, founder of the department store, Neiman Marcus. The home at 5614 Swiss Avenue was home to George F. Gibson, an early pastor of Munger Place Methodist Church and an instructor at Southern Methodist University&#39;s Perkins School of Theology. 5417 Swiss was owned by A.J. Langford, an executive with Ford Motor Company. The dining room of the home at 5020 Swiss appeared in the pilot for the television show "Dallas." The 1892 vice presidential candidate for the Prohibition Party, James B. Cranfill, also lived on the street, at 5121 Swiss Avenue.</p><br>
<p>4902 Swiss Ave.—This home was constructed in 1920, for $15,000, and was built for Joseph Schepps, owner of Schepps&#39; Bakery. Dr. John Bourland, an obstetrician and inventor of the incubator for premature infants, moved into the home in 1923.</p><br>
<p>4905 Swiss Ave.—Contrary to popular belief and some historic records, there were homes constructed on Swiss Avenue that were "speculative construction," meaning that a builder built them hoping and planning for someone to buy them. This home was speculative construction, and built for $15,000. It was first occupied by Lyle Marshall. It has Jacobean detailing influences.</p><br>
<p>4938 Swiss Ave.—The original residence on this lot built for furniture store owner M. P. Hawthorne was raised in the 1970s, and a house from Lower Swiss Avenue was relocated to the lot.</p><br>
<p>4946 Swiss Ave.—Known as the "Bishops House," the home was constructed for Bishop Joseph Patrick Lynch of the Catholic Diocese of Dallas and North Texas. It was constructed in 1913. Bishop Lynch High School is named for the homes longtime occupant.</p><br>
<p>4949 Swiss Ave.—This home was sometimes referred to as the "Queen of Swiss Avenue," and was designed by architect W. H. Reeves and constructed in 1918. J.R. Tennison built the residence for $25,000, and it was later owned by the William W. Caruth family. It was in this home that Mattie Caruth married Harold Byrd.</p><br>
<p>5002 Swiss Ave.—This home was designed by Lang and Witchell and constructed in 1913. It was the residence of R. W. Higgenbotham. It is considered one of the purest examples of Prairie School residential architecture in Dallas.</p><br>
<p>5009 Swiss Ave.—C.C. Weichsel had the original home on this lot constructed for an estimated $20,000 in 1908, on a double-lot purchased for $8,000. Weichsel was chairman of the board of the Dallas National Bank, and later helped organize the Dallas Title and Guarantee Company, and the Great National Life Insurance Company of Dallas. Weichsel willed the home to the Episcopal Diocese of Dallas. The diocese had the home felled.</p><br>
<p>5017 Swiss Ave.—Robert W. Foat, who moved to Dallas to send his children to St. Mary&#39;s Episcopal Institute, had this home constructed in 1907. The "sullivanesque friezes and porch capitals are similar to those used at 4409 Swiss Avenue," which is not contained in the Swiss Avenue Historic District.</p><br>
<p>5112 Swiss Ave.—This home was partially destroyed by fire in 1926, and architects Lang and Witchell were called in by owner Clarence R. Miller to completely rebuild the home, which was completed in 1927.</p><br>
<p>5125 Swiss Ave.—This home has many characteristics of Spanish Baroque architecture. W.A. Green of the W. A. Green Department Store was the home&#39;s first owner.</p><br>
<p>5215 Swiss Ave.—This home was built for Dr. James B. Cranfill, a medical doctor, ordained Baptist minister, journalist, editor, and politician. He was the Prohibition Party candidate for United States Vice President in 1892. Cranfill walked daily from his Swiss Avenue home to his Downtown Dallas office.</p><br>
<p>5303 Swiss Ave.—A Colonial-style home erected in 1907 by H.E. Jackson and Dr. R. W. Baird.</p><br>
<p>5314 Swiss Ave.—The original owner, Mrs. Edwy Rolfe Brown, alleged that she informed her architects that she wanted a home that looked similar to an Italian Villa because of the suitability of the style to the Dallas Climate. Her husband, E.R. Brown, was chairman of the board of the Magnolia Petroleum Company and vice-president and director of the Socony-Vacuum Company.</p><br>
<p>5400 Swiss Ave.—Collett H. Munger, son of R.S. Munger, and manager of Munger Place, built the home in 1908.</p><br>
<p>5405 Swiss Ave.—Hamilton M. Munger, a farmer and oil man, built this home in 1915, across the street from his brother&#39;s home. It shows the influences of both English and Classical styles.</p><br>
<p>5439 Swiss Ave.—This home was initially built in 1916 for George C. Greer, an attorney and president of the Magnolia Petroleum Company. The home was later owned by Currie McCutcheon, a criminal lawyer and former Dallas County Attorney.</p><br>
<p>5614 Swiss Ave.—Again, while many claim there were no speculative construction projects on Swiss Avenue, history has proven this to be untrue. Albert Dines of Dines & Kraft built this home on spec in 1918–1919, and its first occupant was a banker named Napoleon Bonaparte Feagin, with his wife Adline and two sons.</p><br>
<p>5619 Swiss Ave.—This home was constructed in 1918, and is attributed to architect Bertram Hill. It was originally built for E.P. Greenwood, vice president of Great Southwestern Life Insurance Company.</p><br>
<p>5634 Swiss Ave.—This home was constructed for Benjamin H. Stephens, youngest auditor of Cotton Belt Railroad, a founder of Magnolia Oil Company, Director of Standard Oil, technical adviser appointed by President Roosevelt in WWII to the Secretary of the Interior, organizer and chairman of the Board of Directors of Mercantile National Bank, Director of Dallas Federal Savings and Loan and also the Director and on the executive committee of Southwestern Drug.</p><br>
<p>5731 Swiss Ave.—This home was built for Theodore Marcus, later vice president of Neiman Marcus Department Store.</p><br>
<p>5744 Swiss Ave.—This home was built for Hiram Fitzgerald Lively, an attorney and former Dallas County Judge, in 1927. A.J. Rigg was contractor, and the home was built for $27,000. Lively was also an early president of the Dallas Bar Association. Lively served as Dallas County Judge from 1904 to 1908. He was born in Wood County, Texas, and came to Dallas with his parents at age 14. He was an Assistant Dallas County Attorney from 1900 to 1904. At the time of his death, he was the senior member of Lively, Alexander, George & Thuss. He was married to Trixie Green from Thorpe Springs in 1908. He is buried at Grove Hill Memorial Park.</p><br>
<p>5711 Swiss Ave.—Architect Bertram Hill designed this home, built for I.G. Thompson in 1918. Architect Bertram Hill claimed that the central plaque above the door of the home is cast stone relief work combining a shield with ribbon and foliage and was made by an English stonemason.</p><br>
<p>5750 Swiss Ave.—This home was built for Dr. J.H. Cristler for $20,000 in 1923. It exhibits some Spanish Colonial influence, as well as Eclectic elements.</p><br>
<p>5803 Swiss Ave.—The home at 5803 Swiss Avenue was home to Carrie Marcus Neiman, founder of the department store, Neiman Marcus.</p><br>
<p>5908 Swiss Ave.—This home, likely another speculative construction home, was built by D.A. Barnett in the Munger Place Heights addition, and was occupied by Robert H. Coleman, assistant pastor of the First Baptist Church of Dallas, and a widely known songbook publisher.</p><br>
<p>5922 Swiss Ave.—This home was built in 1925. D.A. Barnett was the contractor. The home was first occupied by William H. Shook, a Dallas attorney and former mayor of the city of Rusk, Texas.</p><br>
<p>6017 Swiss Ave.—Designed by architect Bertram Hill, this home was constructed in 1924.</p><br>
<p>6159 La Vista Dr.—This home includes many Romanesque design elements. It was built in 1923.</p><br>
<p>6234 La Vista Dr.—This home was designed by architect Otto Herald (more likely Otto Lang), and constructed in 1925. Its original occupant was R.C. Stubbs, a prominent Dallas concrete contractor. Stubbs held a patent on a process for bonding new concrete to old concrete products.</p><br>
<h2>Centennial photographs of every home on Swiss Avenue</h2><br>
<p>One hundred years after the Munger brothers created Munger Place as the finest residence park in the South Land, all one hundred homes were photographed. This block by block of the homes show the preservation and renovation of these architecturally significant homes over one hundred years.</p><br>
<h2>Modern controversies</h2><br>
<p>The Aldredge House, located at 5500 Swiss Avenue, owned by the Dallas Medical Society, was named to Preservation Dallas 2015 list of “Most Endangered Historic Places.” This is because of an ongoing controversy relating to the zoning of the house allowing it to be used for private events, such as weddings. Preservation Dallas, in naming the house to its list, noted that the home is located in the citys first residential historic district, and is one of architect Hal Thomsons key works in the French Eclectic style featuring Renaissance detailing. Preservation Dallas noted that, while the home isnt threatened with demolition, the removal of the zoning allowing private events to be held at the home would likely mean the home would be required to be sold by its owners, thus closing off to the public historically intact interiors, and subjecting those to modernization.</p><br>
<p>In 2000, a controversy was created when former Texas Secretary of State David Dean requested to add a 400-foot extension on to his home, including space for a closet. The Dallas Landmark Commission refused to allow Dean to make the addition in August 2000. The Dallas City Council, on October 4, 2000, approved his request. Then-mayor Ron Kirk, later mayor Laura Miller, and Councilman John Loza opposed the request. Council members Leo Chaney, Jr., and Donna Blumer recused themselves from the votes citing unspecified conflicts stemming from their relationships with parties in the dispute. Dean, who later chaired the North Texas Crime Commission, served as counsel to Texas Governors William P. Clements, Jr., and Dolph Briscoe.</p><br>
<p>In 1997, the Dallas Observer ran a multi-page article discussing an attempted coup détat of the Swiss Avenue Historic District Associations leadership, and controversies surrounding the Swiss Avenue Women&#39;s Guild.</p><br>
<p>in 1973, the old Terrill Preparatory School home at 4217 Swiss had several mysterious fires, and was a "haven for hippies and transients," and some area residents wanted the house demolished. Also in 1973, a state district judge ordered the city to issue a building permit to a high-rise apartment builder wishing to construct apartments at Swiss Avenue and Collett Streets. The city had denied the permit, because of the expectation that the area was being made into a historic district. The city appealed the case.</p><br>
<h2>Education</h2><br>
<p>Swiss Avenue is within the Dallas Independent School District (DISD).</p><br>
<p>Almost all residents are zoned to William Lipscomb Elementary School in Junius Heights, J. L. Long Middle School, and Woodrow Wilson High School. A part of a block is zoned to Cesar Chavez Elementary School, Alex W. Spence Middle School, and North Dallas High School.</p><br>
<p>The Paramount Theatre is a 1,693-seat theater in Cedar Rapids, Iowa. It was individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976. In 2015 it was included as a contributing property in the Cedar Rapids Central Business District Commercial Historic District.</p><br>
<p>The theater is a restored example of a vaudeville/movie palace of the 1920s. It was damaged by the flood of June 2008, which submerged most of downtown Cedar Rapids.</p><br>
<p>The Paramount serves as home to Orchestra Iowa, the Cedar Rapids Area Theater Organ Society, and a series of Community Concerts. It is famous for its restored Wurlitzer theater organ, which could be lifted up from below stage level when used. The Paramount is included in the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Early history</h2><br>
<p>The Paramount first opened on September 1, 1928, and was at the time called the Capitol Theater. For its first year, it presented a full range of comedians, singers, dancers, acrobats, movies, and audience sing-alongs; its "Mighty Wurlitzer" organ was central to much of the entertainment it provided.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 it was purchased by Paramount Pictures, and given its current name.</p><br>
<p>The theater&#39;s architectural ideal was palatial, with a "Hall of Mirrors" patterned after that in Versailles and expensive oil paintings, busts, furniture and other treasures. Most of this was removed in the 1950s.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration in 1970s</h2><br>
<p>The theater&#39;s website says it was "gifted" to the city of Cedar Rapids in December 1975. A 15-member commission was formed to develop it, and decided that the theater should be restored to its original state. To fund the restoration, the committee undertook a fund drive that raised $400,000 (about $1.75 million in 2008 dollars) from businesses and individuals. No tax revenues were used.</p><br>
<h2>Renovation in 2000s</h2><br>
<p>A second renovation fund-drive was undertaken in 2001, raising $7.8 million (about $9.5 million in 2008 dollars). A key funding source was a State of Iowa culture and tourism grant. The renovation took place in 2003 and added a 57&#39; wing space, a reception hall, and much-improved HVAC system and electrical and fire system. It also repaired or replaced seat covers, restrooms, and carpeting. After the 2003 renovation, the main floor of the theater seated 1126 and the balcony seated 787. The theater kept an autograph book of all famous performers who had appeared on its stages.</p><br>
<h2>Flood of 2008</h2><br>
<p>The Paramount Theatre was damaged by the epic flood that began in the early morning of Wednesday, June 11, 2008 when the Cedar River rose over its banks. When the record-breaking flood waters crested at 32 feet on Friday, June 13, 2008, most of downtown Cedar Rapids was covered in a toxic mix of garbage and river water, including the Paramount. Restoration of the Paramount Theatre was scheduled to be completed in the fall of 2012. The console, lift, and blower of the Mighty Wurlitzer theater organ were destroyed by the flood.</p><br>
<p>The Sam Bell Maxey House is a historic house in Paris, Lamar County, Texas. Samuel Bell Maxey, a prominent local attorney and later two-term USA senator, built the large two-story house after serving as a major general in the Confederate Army. It is built in the High Victorian Italianate style.</p><br>
<p>From 1868 to 1966, the house was the home of Samuel B. Maxey and his family. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places listings in Lamar County, Texas on March 18, 1971. The house was designated a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark in 1962. Restoration was completed September 1, 1980, and it was opened to the public on a tour basis. On January 1, 2008, the house was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission and is now operated at the Sam Bell Maxey House State Historic Site.</p><br>
<p>Happy Retreat  is a historic property in Charles Town, West Virginia, which was originally owned and developed by Charles Washington, the youngest brother of George Washington and the founder of Charles Town.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Happy Retreat is a -story white-painted brick structure, with two-story flanking wings. The main facade has a prominent Doric pediment with no colonnade. An elliptical fanlight is centered in the pediment. Below, the main facade is three bays wide, with a one-story flat-roofed porch supported by Doric columns. The wings are attached by short hyphens, and have stepped masonry gables. The wings predate the central block. The main block features a transverse entry hall across the width of the block. Apart from the massing, the exterior has been extensively altered using revival-syle details and elements.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Charles inherited land in the Shenandoah Valley upon the death of his older brother Lawrence in 1752. Charles was 14 years of age at the time, and living at Ferry Farm, near Fredericksburg, Virginia. In 1780, Charles and his wife Mildred moved to his land from Fredericksburg. By that time, he had constructed two one-story structures on the property, separated by a breezeway or portico, and had named the property "Happy Retreat.". In October 1786, by act of the Virginia General Assembly, Charles Town was established on 80 acre of Charles&#39;s land adjacent to Happy Retreat, and Charles played an important role in planning the streets and construction activities of the new town.</p><br>
<p>Although Happy Retreat is usually considered to have been established in 1780, there is reason to believe that Charless land may have been farmed as early as 1768. This date appears on the cornerstone of the old kitchen at Happy Retreat, but has never been fully authenticated. The structure of, and materials used in, the kitchen and old brick smoke-house would indicate them to be pre-Revolutionary, and a clay-chinked limestone quarters which stood until recent years behind the kitchen and smoke-house possibly predated the kitchen. An octagonal wooden powder-house similar to the one at Mount Vernon exists today and is supposed to have held powder stores during the Revolution. Later it was used as a school house for Charles and Mildreds children.</p><br>
<p>On his visits from his home in Fredericksburg to his property prior to 1780, Charles Washington is said to have lived in a small house, since disintegrated, on Evitts Run, a small stream that flows along the base of the hill at Happy Retreat. From this temporary dwelling he could well have directed the work of brick-making for the residence he had planned, as there are claybeds along the Run. Stone and timber cutting could also have been supervised nearby, as the surrounding meadows are laced with limestone outcroppings, and the property included ample woodland.</p><br>
<p>General George Washington visited his brother at Happy Retreat several times. On June 1, 1788, while he was interested in the building of a canal up the Potomac River, he inspected the work at Great Falls and Seneca Falls, dined at Leesburg, proceeded the following day to what is now Harpers Ferry, and on the 3rd arrived at Happy Retreat, where he dined and spent the night. Other visits to Charles are recorded in the Generals diaries for this period.</p><br>
<p>During the few months before his death in April, 1799, Charles transferred all his property to his son Samuel Washington and his heirs, which explains why there remained no property to be transferred in Charles&#39; will. On February 23, 1800, Samuel Washington sold Happy Retreat, including the mansion and 100 acre of land, to Thomas Hammond. The property stayed in the Hammond family until 1837 when George Washington Hammond sold it to the Hon. Isaac R. Douglass, a circuit court judge and real estate investor. After his purchase of Happy Retreat, Judge Douglass completed the plans for the central section of the house and built a three-story brick structure, connecting the two old Washington wings. He renamed the completed mansion "Mordington," after his ancestral estate in Scotland. The house passed through the hands of a number of different owners, reverting to its original name of Happy Retreat, before its purchase by Mr. and Mrs. William Gavin in the 1960s.</p><br>
<p>A recent historical engineering analysis of Happy Retreat indicates that the home&#39;s development proceeded in three phases. Phase 1 construction consisted of the old stone kitchen and a portion of the west wing. Phase 2 consisted of the brick portion of the kitchen and the one-story east wing. Phase 3, which was undertaken in 1837 after the purchase of Happy Retreat by Judge Douglass, resulted in the addition of the 2nd stories to the two wings and completion of a large 2½ story central portion connecting the two wings.</p><br>
<p>In September 2014, the city of Charles Town began working toward purchasing the house to include it in its parks system.</p><br>
<p>Hermitage Road Historic District  is a Northside neighborhood in the independent city of Richmond, Virginia. The district is a Richmond Old and Historic District, as well as being listed on the Virginia Landmarks Register and the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The historic district consists of properties built in different architectural styles (Victorian, Tudor, Arts and Crafts, Georgian, Colonial Revival, etc.) located in the 3800 to 4300 blocks of Hermitage Road, this portion of which is designated as State Route 161, which crosses over Interstate 95 at the north end of the 4300 block.</p><br>
<h2>Boundaries</h2><br>
<p>The south end of the district is at the intersection of Laburnum Avenue and Hermitage Road, which was formerly marked by the A.P. Hill Monument. The monument had stood at the intersection from the neighborhood’s creation until 14-Dec-2022 when the final remains of AP Hill were removed for re-burial in Culpeper County, Virginia. The AP Hill monument was the last major Richmond City owned monument to be de-constructed, a process which began with the George Floyd protests in Richmond, Virginia in 2020.</p><br>
<p>Also at the south end of the district is the 13 Acres house, which was donated by the Blair family with the intention of providing a permanent green space in the city. The house is currently used by the Richmond Public School system.</p><br>
<p>The north end of the district is at the intersection of Hermitage Road and Westbrook Avenue near the Freeman Marker No. 34, which marks the outer defense line for the City of Richmond during the Civil War.</p><br>
<h2>Origins of the neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>The area was originally developed as one of Richmond&#39;s Northside streetcar suburbs. Most of the original concrete poles used for the overhead trolley wiring are still located in the median of the street and are still in service after over 100 years. The streetcar line extended to Lakeside Park in Henrico County, terminating at the present site of Lewis Ginter Botanical Garden.</p><br>
<h2>Creation of the Historic District</h2><br>
<p>In 1988, the historic district was formed in response to a move by a local organization to tear down two historic houses (one, an excellent example of the Romanesque Revival style, was built in the 1890s). The people of the neighborhood "blocked the wrecking ball" and quickly formed a City Old and Historic District. The goal of the district is the protection and preservation of historic resources through zoning enforcement along Hermitage Road.</p><br>
<p>The HRHD Association continues to have active participation from homeowners and cooperates with other nearby neighborhood associations, such as Bellevue and Rosedale.</p><br>
<p>The Trenton Bath House is an influential design by the architect Louis Kahn, with the help of his associate, architect Anne Tyng. This changing room facility is located adjacent to a swimming pool at 999 Lower Ferry Road, Ewing Township, Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. It was listed in the National Register of Historic Places in 1984.</p><br>
<p>It is neither in Trenton, New Jersey, nor is it a bath house, but the so-called "Trenton Bath House" commands attention from architectural historians around the world. Designed as part of a larger plan (never executed) for the Jewish Community Center of the Delaware Valley, the "bath house" opened in 1955 and served as the entrance and changing area for patrons of an outdoor swimming pool.</p><br>
<p>From a design perspective, the bath house actually appears as a simple cruciform—four square concrete block rooms or areas, surrounding an open atrium. Each of the rooms is topped by a simple, wooden rectangular pyramid. At the corner of each room there is a large, open rectangular column that supports the roof. However, closer inspection reveals that in addition to the pure design elegance, Kahn also clarified his thinking about the utilitarian purposes of the various spaces, and it was in this building that he first articulated his notion of spaces serving and spaces served.</p><br>
<p>Kahn often spoke of this project as a turning point in his design philosophy, "From this came a generative force which is recognizable in every building which I have done since."</p><br>
<p>On August 10, 2006, Mercer County and Ewing Township purchased the bath house from the Jewish Community Center for $8.1 million, using funds from the Open Space Preservation Trust Fund. This action ensures that the historic integrity of the bath house will be protected. Ewing plans to use the main J.C.C. building as a senior citizens center. The J.C.C. had planned to move to a new 80 acre site located on Clarksville Road in West Windsor Township, but funding ran out.</p><br>
<h2>Model</h2><br>
<p>Fort Benjamin Harrison was a USA Army post located in suburban Lawrence Township, Marion County, Indiana, northeast of Indianapolis, between 1906 and 1991. It is named for the 23rd United States president, Benjamin Harrison.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1901, Russell Harrison, the son of former USA president Benjamin Harrison, facilitated the sale of a USA Arsenal near downtown Indianapolis. The USA Army used the proceeds to buy land in 1903 in a more remote area, where the fort is located today. Secretary of War Elihu Root named the post for President Benjamin Harrison in honor of Harrison&#39;s hometown.</p><br>
<p>Fort Benjamin Harrison saw its highest levels of activity during World War I and World War II. The Fort Benjamin Harrison Reception Center (for inducting draftees) opened in 1941 and by 1943 was the largest reception center in the United States.</p><br>
<p>Within Fort Harrison was Camp Glenn, named in honor of Major General Edwin Forbes Glenn, who had served as Fort Harrison&#39;s commandant from 1912 to 1913, and who had commanded the officer training that began at his camps in 1916. Camp Glenn was a Citizens Military Training Camp (CMTC) that was also used to house Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) workers. When the United States reestablished the Military Police Corps in 1941, an MP school was established at Camp Glenn and was in operation by early 1942. The area was also used to detain Italian and German prisoners of war in 1944 and 1945.</p><br>
<p>In 1947, the Army declared Fort Harrison to be surplus property, but declined to completely close it due to a lack of adequate training space for the Indiana National Guard. From 1948 to 1950, the post functioned as Benjamin Harrison Air Force Base. The Tenth Air Force was moved from Omaha, Nebraska, and headquartered at both Schoen Field on Fort Harrison and Stout Army Air Field in Indianapolis. Overcrowding and inadequate facilities soon forced the 10th Air Force to move to Selfridge Air National Guard Base in Michigan, and the Army reacquired control of Fort Benjamin Harrison.</p><br>
<p>It became the home of the United States Army Adjutant General School in March 1951. In 1957, the school moved into the new Gates-Lord Hall along with the United States Army Finance School. At the time, this 300,000 ft&sup2; building was the third largest owned by the Department of Defense. The Adjutant General School remained there until the Base Realignment resulted in its move to Fort Jackson, South Carolina, starting in 1991. By 1995, the Adjutant General School had completely vacated Fort Benjamin Harrison.Stephen E. Bower, Ph.D., A Short History of the</p><br>
<p>USA Army Adjutant General’s Corps 1775-2013, Fort Jackson SC, US Army Soldier Support Institute, 2013 The Finance School also moved to Fort Jackson in 1995.</p><br>
<p>The Interservice Postal School was located at Fort Benjamin Harrison in the 1970s under the US Army Institute of Administration (USAIA), and was staffed by instructors from all four services. It also moved to Fort Jackson in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Beginning in 1965, Fort Harrison was also the home of the Defense Information School (DINFOS). This was staffed by enlisted personnel and officers from all branches of the US military along with members of allied military personnel. DINFOS trained service members and Department of Defense employees to become journalists in print, radio, television, and photography, as well as training them in advanced supervisory roles in editing, public affairs, and media and community relations. In 1995, DINFOS moved to Fort Meade, Maryland.</p><br>
<p>With the movement and creation of a number of training classes in financial, clerical, and information technology (most notably the Programmer/Analyst Course and the Computer Machine Operator Course) the fort was given the derisive moniker "Uncle Ben&#39;s Rest Home" implying that no real military training took place there.</p><br>
<p>The Fort was the site of the Athletes&#39; Villages for the 1987 Pan American Games. Construction documents were created for new buildings to house the athletes, but the buildings were not built.</p><br>
<h3>Remaining military presence</h3><br>
<p>Fort Benjamin Harrison was closed as part of the 1991 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The site of the base has since been redeveloped, and includes residential neighborhoods, a golf course, and is the site of Fort Harrison State Park.</p><br>
<p>Although the base has officially been inactivated, there is still a very significant military presence in the area. The Defense Finance and Accounting Service—Indianapolis, several United States Army Reserve, two United States Marine Corps Reserve detachments, United States Navy Reserve, Indiana National Guard units, the United States Military Entrance Processing Station (MEPS), an AAFES post exchange and commissary are still located at the former post.</p><br>
<p>Since 1999, the American Legion has had its John H. Geiger Operations Center located at Fort Harrison. The center houses the Membership Services staff who maintain the organization&#39;s membership database and provide direct-marketing services for membership renewal and new-member acquisition. It also houses the Emblem Sales Division which provides Legion merchandise, and the Fundraising Division which draws support for both national and department-level programs.</p><br>
<p>On May 29, 2009, the Indiana National Guard held a ground-breaking ceremony for a new facility, the Lawrence Readiness Training Center, which opened in 2011. The facility houses four units, including the 76th Brigade Combat Team headquarters.</p><br>
<p>The Veterans of Foreign Wars maintains its headquarters for the Department of Indiana on the site at 9555 E. 59th Street.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>Fort Benjamin Harrison Historic District was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1995. The district encompasses 100 contributing buildings, one contributing site (Parade Grounds), and three contributing structures (Water Tower, Kent Avenue Bridge, and Bandstand). It includes one and two-story Colonial Revival style brick buildings that were part of the original fort complex. They include residential and administrative buildings, service / utility buildings, and the hospital unit.</p><br>
<p>Puukoholā Heiau National Historic Site is a United States National Historic Site located on the northwestern coast of the island of Hawaii. The site preserves the National Historic Landmark ruins of the last major Ancient Hawaiian temple, and other historic sites.</p><br>
<h2>Building of the heiau</h2><br>
<p>Kamehameha I took control of western and northern Hawaii island (the Kona and Kohala districts) in 1782, but for the eight years following, fought in a number of inconclusive battles. After returning from Maui in 1790, he was attacked by his cousin Keōua Kuahuula who still controlled the East side of the island. He returned to the village of Kawaihae, where he had spent some time earlier. A respected kahuna (priest) named Kapoukahi suggested building a luakini heiau (sacrificial temple) to gain the favor of the war god Kūkailimoku.</p><br>
<p>Puukoholā Heiau meaning "Temple on the Hill of the Whale" was the result, probably on the site of an older temple from about 1580. It was built entirely by hand with no mortar, in less than a year. The red stones were transported by a human chain about 14 miles long, from Pololū Valley to the East.</p><br>
<p>Construction was supervised by Kamehameha&#39;s brother Keliimaikai, involving thousands of people.</p><br>
<p>The ship had been captured in 1790, along with one surviving crew member Isaac Davis, after the incident at Olowalu.</p><br>
<p>Davis and a stranded British sailor named John Young became important military advisors to King Kamehameha.</p><br>
<p>John Young built a house and ranch nearby, and that site is also within the park.</p><br>
<p>News of Kamehameha&#39;s large following had spread to the other islands, who joined forces and attempted to invade from the northeast.</p><br>
<p>The two Europeans had instructed Kamehameha&#39;s army in the use of muskets and had mounted cannons onto double-hulled canoes. The invaders were no match for the artillery and were repelled in what was known as the Battle of Kepuwahaulaula (red mouthed gun), just north of Waipio Valley.</p><br>
<h2>Last battle for unification</h2><br>
<p>In the summer of 1791, the massive temple was finished, measuring about 224 by 100 feet.</p><br>
<p>Kamehameha summoned his cousin Keōua Kuahuula with the ruse of a peace treaty.</p><br>
<p>It is not clear why Keōua accepted the invitation. Perhaps he was surrendering to fate, discouraged by losing many of his warriors in the Battle of Hilo and subsequent volcanic eruption of 1790.</p><br>
<p>One story told is that Keōua secretly mutilated himself in order to defile the sacrifice.</p><br>
<p>As he stepped ashore, he and his party were captured and killed.</p><br>
<p>With the offering of the bodies the new temple was officially dedicated.</p><br>
<p>The campaign to unite all the islands continued with Maui in 1794, and Oahu in 1795 at the Battle of Nuuanu. The unification was completed when the king of the island of Kauai became a vassal to Kamehameha I in 1810 making him the first king of a unified Hawaii.</p><br>
<p>The one-sided nature of this battle has given it the name "Slaughter at Kawaihae". On the 200th anniversary in 1991, a healing ceremony was held here by descendants of some of those who took part in the assassination.</p><br>
<h2>More visitors</h2><br>
<p>John Young was to act as interpreter and negotiator for several more important visitors.</p><br>
<p>The British explorer George Vancouver arrived here in 1793 during his Vancouver Expedition, and left cattle to start the ranching industry.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>A visitor center operated by the National Park Service is located at the site. An interpretive trail begins at the visitor center and leads to Puukoholā.</p><br>
<p>Entry to the public is not allowed, since there are believed to still be bones buried in the site.</p><br>
<p>About 170 feet west of Puukoholā is the ruin of the earlier Mailekini Heiau. John Young later converted it into a fort to protect the harbor.</p><br>
<p>Just offshore is Hale o Kapuni, an underwater structure dedicated to sharks. A pōhaku (stone post) marks a spot where the feeding of the sharks could be viewed.</p><br>
<p>Across the bay is the modern Kawaihae harbor.</p><br>
<p>On December 29, 1962, the site was made a National Historic Landmark, and on October 15, 1966, listed in the National Register of Historic Places as site 66000105. In 2000 the name was changed by the Hawaiian National Park Language Correction Act of 2000 observing the Hawaiian spelling.</p><br>
<p>Saint Pauls Church National Historic Site is a church and National Historic Site in Mount Vernon, New York, just north of the New York City borough of the Bronx. Established in 1765, Saint Pauls Church is one of New Yorks oldest parishes and was used as a military hospital after the American Revolutionary War Battle of Pells Point in 1776. The 5 acre cemetery surrounding the church contains an estimated 9,000 burials dating from 1704. The church and cemetery were designated as a United States National Historic Site in 1978 to protect them from increasing industrialization of the surrounding area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The parish that founded Saint Pauls Church was established in 1665. The first church at the site was a small, square, wooden structure built in 1695 and was known as the Church of Eastchester. The present day church was built in 1764, but its name was not changed to Saint Pauls Church until 1795.</p><br>
<h3>Election of 1733</h3><br>
<p>The election for an open seat in the New York assembly, held on the Village Green in Eastchester, Westchester County on October 29, 1733, is one of the better known political events in colonial America. Two hundred and seventy five years after the contest, historians continue to cite the election to advance various arguments about colonial life. One recent student used the election to argue for the persistent importance of monarchy in the outlook of colonists, while another scholar treated the voting as an important point in the development of political awareness among New York artisans. Many writers address the election, held at what is today St. Pauls Church in Mt. Vernon, as part of the story of the printer John Peter Zenger, whose acquittal in a seditious libel case in 1735 is seen as a foundation of the free press in America. The first issue of Zengers New York Weekly Journal carried a lengthy report on the famous election, producing one of the few complete accounts of a colonial election available to historians.</p><br>
<h3>Battle of Pell&#39;s Point</h3><br>
<p>On October 18, 1776, the Revolutionary War Battle of Pells Point was fought less than a mile from the church, and the church served as a hospital for the British Army following the battle. The churchs tower contains a bell that was cast in 1758 at the same London foundry as the Liberty Bell. Local stories attest that George Washington ordered the parishioners to bury the bell to prevent the British from melting it down and using it for ammunition. The bell still hangs in the tower today.</p><br>
<h3>20th century and beyond</h3><br>
<p>During the early part of the 20th century, the parish began to decline, and the last Sunday service held at Saint Paul&#39;s took place in May 1977.</p><br>
<p>The church (along with its carriage house, cemetery, and grounds) was designated as a National Historic Site on July 5, 1943, although not formally authorized until November 10, 1978.</p><br>
<p>Today, visitors can visit the church and the 225-year-old church tower on ranger-guided tours. The carriage house next to the church now serves as a museum and visitor center. The site was opened to the public in 1984 and is now operated by the National Park Service under a cooperative agreement with the Society of the National Shrine of the Bill of Rights at Saint Paul&#39;s Church, Eastchester.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>This significant site was added to the African American Heritage Trail of Westchester County in 2004 as part of a mission to “preserve and interpret the legacy and contributions that people of African descent have made to the development of our unique American identity.” It is one of only 14 such sites.</p><br>
<p>The Howard Steamboat Museum, or the Howard National Steamboat Museum, is located in Jeffersonville, Indiana, across from Louisville, Kentucky. House in the Howard Family mansion, it features items related to steamboat history and specifically, the Howard Shipyards of Jeffersonville, IN. The building is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Origin</h2><br>
<p>The home was built in 1890 by Edmonds J. Howard, who inherited the family shipyard from his father James Howard. James founded the Howard Ship Yards, both in what was then Port Fulton, Indiana. It cost $100,000 to build the 22-room, 15,000 square foot, 3-floor Richardsonian Romanesque style red brick structure. Still within the museum are gasoliers that operate on electricity and natural gas, carvings, arches and a grand staircase that reflect the wealth Edmonds Howard had. The house features 15 different types of wood and themed rooms, such as a Moorish music parlor and a library. The museum features 90% original furnishings, many of which were purchased at the 1893 World&#39;s Columbian Exposition held in Chicago. As the Howards prided themselves on their hulls, a large collection of the half-breadths is displayed on the property. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973 as the Howard Home.</p><br>
<p>The New York architectural firm of Drach and Thomas designed the house, while a local man, Arthur Loomis, supervised the project. They chose the popular Richardsonian Romanesque style, while including exterior features such as red brick cladding and stained-glass windows. Keeping with the theme of the Howard family business, along with other boat-related features they installed a stairway fully copied from the stairway of the steamboat J. M. White.</p><br>
<p>The Howard Shipyards built over 1100 river vessels in their 107 years of operation. In 1941, they sold the yard to the USA Navy to build ships for World War II, and in 1947 the yard was purchased by the Jeffersonville Boat and Machine Company, which had done the work for the Navy during the war. In 1964, they officially changed their name to Jeffboat, and it remained in business until the end of May, 2018. It had been considered the largest and oldest boatbuilding and repair yard in the inland waterway.</p><br>
<h2>Museum</h2><br>
<p>On March 17, 1971, a fire broke out in the museum. Since much of the building saw minor damage, and other areas were able to be restored, the museum reopened the next year. In 2016, the museum began renovation of its Carriage House, the building where the Howards lived while their mansion was under construction, turning it into a rental venue.</p><br>
